The Reality of War in John Knowles A Separate Peace Essay -- Separate

The Reality of fight in John K zero(prenominal)les A break down PeaceIn his book A Separate Peace John Knowles communicates what war really is. He uses a number of complex characters in a very complicated plot in nine to convey the harsh, sad, cruel, destructive forces of war. The Characters Gene and Finny are used as opposing forces in a scramble between that cold frankness of war-that is World War II in this story-and a separate peace. A peace away from the real war and all of the terrible things that come with it. Through their relationship, that is a struggle on both sides from the beginning, Knowles establishes the reality of war in all of its essence.Gene Forrester is established as the force of reality which is the war. This idea is established clearly in a lengthy speech Gene gives as the narrator of the story in Chapter ThreeEveryone has a result in history which belongs particularly to him. It is the moment when his emotions achieve their most powerful sway over him, and afterward when you say to this person the world today or life or reality he will assume that you mean this moment, even if it is fifty years past. The world, through his unleashed emotions, imprinted itself upon him, and he carries the stamp of that passing moment forever. (32)This statement explains that Gene must own something that is his stamp. This stamp appears to define an individual-exemplifying what he stands for. It is found that this is true in the next paragraph where Gene continues, For me, this moment-four years is a moment in history-war the war. The war was and is reality for me. I still live and think in its atmosphere (32). Later in the same paragraph he goes on to sayAmerica is not, never has been, and never will be wha... ...ovels. Studies in Short Fiction (Newberry College), vol. 1, no. 2, Winter 1964, pp. 107-112. McDonald, James L. The Novels of John Knowles. Arizona Quarterly, vol. 23, no. 4, Winter1967, pp. 335-342. Raven, Simon. No Time for War. The Sp ectator, vol. 212, no. 6827, May 1, 1959. p.630. Weber, Ronald. Narrative Method in A Separate Peace. Studies in Short Fiction (Newberry College), vol. 3, no. 1, Fall 1965, pp. 63-72. Witherington, Paul. A Separate Peace A Study in Structural Ambiguity. English Journal (NCTE), vol. 54, no. 9, December 1965, pp. 795-800. Wolfe, Peter. The Impact of Knowless A Separate Peace. University of Missouri Review, vol. 36, no. 3, March 1970, pp. 189-198. School Reports. clock Literary Supplement, no. 2983, May 1, 1959, p. 262. The Leap. Time, vol. 75, no. 14, April 4, 1960, pp. 96, 98.

A Critical Interpretation of Hans Kung?s Historical Analysis of the Dev

A Critical Interpretation of Hans Kungs Historical Analysis of the Development of the Hierarchical churchThe beginnings of the Christian church are shrouded in mystery. With the lack of evidence about that time in history, it is hard to draw conclusions of any type. However, the historical analyst, Hans Kung, has written a book to shed some light on the subject. In this book, Kung discusses his opinion on the development of the earliest church, and its hierarchical structure. In the following paper, I bothow address two of the chapters of Kungs book, The Beginnings of the Early Church and The Early Catholic Church. The points that I will focus on are The makeup and persecution of the early church community and why it was that behavior, and how, according to Kung, the founders of Catholicism went against how Jesus wanted the church to be governed by establishing a hierarchy. The Christian church, according to Kung, began at Pentecost. When the devoted Spirit came to the apostle s and told them to go out and preach the teachings of Jesus it meant that the apostles could claim an identity separate from Judaism. The majority of the first Christians were Jews from Jerusalem that believed that Jesus was the Messiah promised to the Jews in the Hebraic Testament and they believed in the resurrection. The earliest Christian community did not want in any way to part company with the Jewish community or nation, but to remain integrated into Judaism.(P. 13). The differences in the beliefs of the Jews and the Jewish-Christians naturally created a separation in the two groups. When the Christian disciples started going out and preaching their faith to people, the roman Empire saw them as a threat to their power and decided that Christianity would have to be stopped. Because Christianity and Judaism were one, the two most effective ways to persecute the Christians was to extend their leaders, and to destroy the Jewish places of worship. After the Romans burned the Tem ple of Jerusalem for the second time, a council of Pharisees decided that the Christians were to be excommunicated from the Jewish temple.If not for the early connection to the Jewish faith, the Christian religion would never have established as a major religion. The idea of having one God, called monotheism, was too radi... ... what they thought, there would be no vehemence in the lives of the church officials. Likewise, if the church truly believed in what Jesus taught, they would not be shunning the participation of women in the church rather, they would be embracing all the people that truly wished to participate in the vocation of a priest or any position in the church for that matter. In conclusion, the early Christian church had its problems in who was accepted into the new faith and why they were persecuted for it. This was because, during the height of the Roman Empire, any group of people that could be dangerous to Roman political theory would not be tolerated, and the Romans would attempt to put a stop to it. These persecutions of the Christians, however, strengthened, not weakened the Christian church to a point that there would be no way to disperse the community of believers. The main reason that the church stayed together like it did was because of the early establishment of a hierarchy, which, while Kung speculates, would not be the way that Jesus would have wanted the church to be governed, worked in establishing the Christian community into a world religion.

New Religious Movements and the Biased Media Essay -- Religion Media E

New unearthly Movements and the Biased Media What happened in Jonestown? How could sensible people follow the rantings of a crazed lunatic? The questions and the simplified answers that are provided by the media coverage of Jonestown and Heavens Gate perhaps contributed to their downfall. The feeling of public persecution is a central source of many new apparitional movements, and the negative publicity of suicide cults only fuels the fear of other like-minded religious groups. The misleading definitions the media provided for the how, what and why of these new religious movements were symptomatic of the media bias against all such movements. Through examination of the print media response immediately following both mass suicides, I will relegate the hollow definitions and explanations provided for tragedies that were much more complex. Moreover, although the Jonestown Suicide occurred twenty years before the Heavens Gate suicides in March of 1997, coverage remained ignorant and simple of the critical differences between movements, and perhaps exacerbated their cultural alienation. My research of the media response to the Jonestown suicides concentrates on the coverage of the tragedy in the New York Times because the newspaper is one of the some widely read American newspapers, replete with religion experts. Through the coverage in the Times alone, the common response followed a path of initial discombobulation that eventually led to unoriginal and uncomplicated answers for the how and why these people followed Jim Jones to their death.The initial coverage in the New York Times exemplifies how the facts of the suicide trickled slowly out of the jungle of Jonestown, Guyana. The day after the suicides, Sunday, November... ...east 900 by U.S., with 260 Children Among Victims at Colony The New York Times, 26 November 1978, Sec A1. 6 Elizabeth Gleick, Inside the Web of Death Time (April 7, 1997)28-40 7 Howard Chua-Eoan, Imprisoned by his throw Passions. T ime (April 7, 1997) 40-42.8 Richard Lacayo, The Lure of the Cult Time (April 7, 1997) 45-46.9 Harvey Hill and John Hickman and Joel McLendon, On Religious Outsiders- Cults and Sects and Doomsday Groups, Oh My Media and Treatment of Religion on the Eve of the Millennium, Review of Religious Research. 43, no. 1, (2001) 24 (15 pages), 26.10 Stephen J Hedges, Mass Suicide in California. U.S. password World Report. 122, no. 13, (April 07, 1997).Life After Death for Heavens Gate. U.S. News and World Report. 124, no. 12, (March 30,1998).11 Hill, 24.12Hill, 32, 24.13 Hill, 35.

Overcoming Racial Discrimination in the Heat of the Night :: Film Movie Movies

Through the subscribe to In the Heat of the Night racial tensions are high, but one character, the Chief of Police, Gillespie overcomes racial discrimination to solve a murder. The attitudes that he portrays in the film help us understand the challenges in changing attitudes of Southern white town towards the African Americans living there.As the film progresses, Gillespie moves from a desire to maintain peace to a realization that justice is better than peace. This is evident through two separate occasions during the film. The first pillow slip was when Virgil Tibbs was arrested solely based on the fact that he was black. After searching Virgil they found over $100 in his wallet. The second event was when the Chief arrested the mistrust who stole the dead mans wallet. Since the man had his wallet, Gillespie laid the murder charge on him without further investigation. Through Virgil and the course of the film, Gillespie realizes that there is more to being a guard chief than mai ntaining civil order.As the plot deepens, the Chief risks his neck several times to maintain a good kind with Virgil. Through these events I timber that the Chief has overcome his racism, and can become friends with an African American. One event that proves this was when the four hoodlums were about to attack Virgil when Gillespie came to the rescue. The boys called the Chief a nigger-lover, which he just heedless and didnt let it get to him. In my opinion, if this same event happened a week earlier before Virgil came into the picture, Gillespie probably wouldve snapped and either arrested the boys or give them a good lashing. Another event that backs this point is when the Chief invites Virgil over to his place. Now normally this wouldnt select been a big deal, but since Virgil was a Negro, it was a big deal. Through these events, I feel that Chief Gillespie overcame his racist ways.Through time, Chief Gillespie starts to realize that Virgil is his equal, and he learns that he can have a relationship with a black man as his equal. During the autopsy, Virgil starts to display knowledge of forensic science superior to anyone on the police force. While this is going on, Gillespie realizes that Virgil may have superior knowledge than himself. This is when the chief starts to view Mr. Tibbs as his equal. Later on in the film, the chief allows Virgil to remain in his office while the pregnant lady friend was telling Gillespie how Sam Carr supposedly impregnated her.

The Prince :: essays research papers

"An Outline and Arguments on The Prince by Machiavelli"     Niccolo Machiavelli was a very familiar man. He was born in Florence in 1469 and when he was of the age 43 he wrote The Prince. His first admission into politics happened in1498 with the title as Secretary to the punt Chancery of the Signoria. He held this job through the year 1512 right so hotshotr the Medici took over Florence. He was very faithful to his elders and to the policies of the government. In 1502 he became assistant to Soderini who was pick out chief magistrate of the Republic. One of his finest accomplishments came in the year 1509 when he made Pisa approve after a 15 year struggle. He was mostly credited because he directed the land and sea blockade that brought about Pisas submission. ternion years later the Spaniards attacked Prato. They broke the walls, attacked the defenders, and totally destroyed the town. A couple long time later Soderini resigned and went into exile. The Medici took control of Florence and six weeks later dismissed and banished Machiavelli for one year. proterozoic in 1513 he was suspected of plotting to overthrow the Medici government. He was first arrested, and then tortured, and then released after his innocence was satisfactorily proven. He then went to a piddling farm near San Casciano where he was restless and bored. on that point he wrote the book called The Prince.      There argon a lot of ideas and teachings mentioned in the book. It as a altogether discusses what a principality is, what kinds there are, how they are won, how they are maintained and why they are lost. He first landed estates that there are either republics or principalities (inherited or new). Principalities that are inherited are more easily to nourishment because the citizens already manage and are familiar with the family in power. So the new prince should not keep away from the methods of his predecessors. This theory h olds value because if the people are already familiar with the natural law and are acquainted with family then the heir to the throne will be loved and taken in as a brother. If a new state is conquered then it will be hard to keep because of all the injuries that took short letter while occupying the new principality. Therefore, he will probably lose it. But, after one has conquered a territory a second time it will be easily lost because the ruler can use the rebellion as an excuse.The Prince essays research papers "An Outline and Arguments on The Prince by Machiavelli"     Niccolo Machiavelli was a very knowledgeable man. He was born in Florence in 1469 and when he was of the age 43 he wrote The Prince. His first admission into politics happened in1498 with the title as Secretary to the Second Chancery of the Signoria. He held this job through the year 1512 right before the Medici took over Florence. He was very faithful to his elders and to the po licies of the government. In 1502 he became assistant to Soderini who was elected chief magistrate of the Republic. One of his finest accomplishments came in the year 1509 when he made Pisa acquiesce after a 15 year struggle. He was mostly credited because he directed the land and sea blockade that brought about Pisas submission. Three years later the Spaniards attacked Prato. They broke the walls, attacked the defenders, and totally destroyed the town. A couple days later Soderini resigned and went into exile. The Medici took control of Florence and six weeks later dismissed and banished Machiavelli for one year. Early in 1513 he was suspected of plotting to overthrow the Medici government. He was first arrested, then tortured, and then released after his innocence was satisfactorily proven. He then went to a small farm near San Casciano where he was restless and bored. There he wrote the book called The Prince.      There are a lot of ideas and teachings mentio ned in the book. It as a whole discusses what a principality is, what kinds there are, how they are won, how they are maintained and why they are lost. He first states that there are either republics or principalities (inherited or new). Principalities that are inherited are more easily to keep because the citizens already know and are familiar with the family in power. So the new prince should not keep away from the methods of his predecessors. This theory holds value because if the people are already familiar with the law and are acquainted with family then the heir to the throne will be loved and taken in as a brother. If a new state is conquered then it will be hard to keep because of all the injuries that took place while occupying the new principality. Therefore, he will probably lose it. But, after one has conquered a territory a second time it will be easily lost because the ruler can use the rebellion as an excuse.

The Prince :: essays research papers

"An Outline and Arguments on The Prince by Machiavelli"     Niccolo Machiavelli was a very dwelling man. He was born in Florence in 1469 and when he was of the age 43 he wrote The Prince. His first admission into politics happened in1498 with the title as Secretary to the entropy Chancery of the Signoria. He held this job through the year 1512 right beforehand the Medici took over Florence. He was very faithful to his elders and to the policies of the government. In 1502 he became assistant to Soderini who was take chief magistrate of the Republic. One of his finest accomplishments came in the year 1509 when he made Pisa coincide after a 15 year struggle. He was mostly credited because he directed the land and sea blockade that brought about Pisas submission. trinity years later the Spaniards attacked Prato. They broke the walls, attacked the defenders, and totally destroyed the town. A couple age later Soderini resigned and went into exile. The M edici took control of Florence and six weeks later dismissed and banished Machiavelli for champion year. other(a) in 1513 he was suspected of plotting to overthrow the Medici government. He was first arrested, hence tortured, and then released after his innocence was satisfactorily proven. He then went to a shrimpy farm near San Casciano where he was restless and bored. at that place he wrote the book called The Prince.      There be a lot of ideas and teachings mentioned in the book. It as a exclusively discusses what a principality is, what kinds there are, how they are won, how they are maintained and why they are lost. He first declares that there are either republics or principalities (inherited or new). Principalities that are inherited are more easily to clutches because the citizens already know and are familiar with the family in power. So the new prince should not keep away from the methods of his predecessors. This theory holds value because i f the people are already familiar with the police and are acquainted with family then the heir to the throne will be loved and taken in as a brother. If a new state is conquered then it will be hard to keep because of all the injuries that took indue while occupying the new principality. Therefore, he will probably lose it. But, after one has conquered a territory a second time it will be easily lost because the ruler can use the rebellion as an excuse.The Prince essays research papers "An Outline and Arguments on The Prince by Machiavelli"     Niccolo Machiavelli was a very knowledgeable man. He was born in Florence in 1469 and when he was of the age 43 he wrote The Prince. His first admission into politics happened in1498 with the title as Secretary to the Second Chancery of the Signoria. He held this job through the year 1512 right before the Medici took over Florence. He was very faithful to his elders and to the policies of the government. In 15 02 he became assistant to Soderini who was elected chief magistrate of the Republic. One of his finest accomplishments came in the year 1509 when he made Pisa acquiesce after a 15 year struggle. He was mostly credited because he directed the land and sea blockade that brought about Pisas submission. Three years later the Spaniards attacked Prato. They broke the walls, attacked the defenders, and totally destroyed the town. A couple days later Soderini resigned and went into exile. The Medici took control of Florence and six weeks later dismissed and banished Machiavelli for one year. Early in 1513 he was suspected of plotting to overthrow the Medici government. He was first arrested, then tortured, and then released after his innocence was satisfactorily proven. He then went to a small farm near San Casciano where he was restless and bored. There he wrote the book called The Prince.      There are a lot of ideas and teachings mentioned in the book. It as a whole discusses what a principality is, what kinds there are, how they are won, how they are maintained and why they are lost. He first states that there are either republics or principalities (inherited or new). Principalities that are inherited are more easily to keep because the citizens already know and are familiar with the family in power. So the new prince should not keep away from the methods of his predecessors. This theory holds value because if the people are already familiar with the law and are acquainted with family then the heir to the throne will be loved and taken in as a brother. If a new state is conquered then it will be hard to keep because of all the injuries that took place while occupying the new principality. Therefore, he will probably lose it. But, after one has conquered a territory a second time it will be easily lost because the ruler can use the rebellion as an excuse.

Genetics and Genomics Essay

1. One persevering has a grade I tumor of the lung, while another patient has a grade IV tumor of the lung. Explain how tumors in various stages are similar and how they differ. (1 point) Both stage I and stage IV lung cancer is presented with cellular differentiation, bolshy of shape tissue structure, as well as irregular size and shape of the nucleus. Normal cells are able to divide and die cancer cells are quid up on top of apiece other forming a tumor. The staging and grading of cancer depends on evaluation of size of the tumor, degree of invasion terminus of spread and differentiation of cells. Stage I lung cancer is a tumor less than 3cm ,has no evidence of invasion, well differentiated, whereas stage IV tends to be to the lowest degree differentiated have most anaplasia, can be any size and have spread to other organs. The similarity sometimes noted in symptoms that patient is presenting with. Two patients may present with same symptoms and have two different stages. Ho wever the survival rate is the same regardless of stage.2. If a patient has tit cancer, how would angiogenesis and invasion influence tumor growth and metastasis? (1 point) Angiogenesis is a physiological answer of developing new gunstock vessels. This normal process is not only preparation the normal cells but also nourishes the cancer cells. Small cancers are unable to develop new blood vessels, however larger cancers can. The process of invasion occurs amidst the beginning of the event and development of obvious tumor, some mutated cells die while others reproduce. The tumor at this point continues to grow and reproduce. Breasts tissue is in truth vascular and very close located to lymph nodes. Cells break off from the original tumor and travel through the lymphatic trunk and blood stream, to the other organs where they produce second-string tumors.Chapter 143. Compare and contrast the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. (0.75 point) Sympathetic nervous system originates in a spinal cord. The small neurons enter the ganglia intimately the cord, the ganglia forms a chain that spreads the impulse to neurons (postganglionic) which are responsible for reaching many organs and glands. Physiologic effects of sympathetic nervous system is vasoconstriction, elevated blood compel, increased heartrate and contractility, increased respiratory rate, sufficient amount of blood flow to skeletal muscle, smooth muscle relaxation of the lungs, stomach, and urinary tract, sphincter contractions, dilated pupils and ciliary muscle relaxation, increased sweat gland secretion and reduced pancreatic secretions. Parasympathetic nervous system contrasts in the place of its origin, as it originates from interchange nervous system through cranial nerves from midbrain and medulla.After leaving the CNS the long preganglionic fibers fiber of each parasympathetic nerve travels to a ganglion near a particular organ or gland, and the short postganglionic fibers enter the organ or gland. The sympathetic has opposite order. With parasympathetic nervous system blood pressure heart rate respirations are measured at low levels, GI tract is active after meal, pupils constricted. These two systems compensate each others activities.3. A patient has increased intracranial pressure of 30 mmHg caused by a massive closed head injury. Explain the process of increasing intracranial pressure, and discuss possible complications if the pressure is not decreased. (1 point) With closed head injury, external force is applied to the head and brain causing a disturbance of physiologic constancy. The injury has an impact on brains compensatory mechanisms by overwhelming them to the point where they became no longer effective. This leads to increased intracranial pressure. As increased intracranial pressure continues to rise, leading to increased cerebral blood flow which it causes venous congestion. This adds more increase to intracranial pressure, which at this poin t causes cellular hypoxia. As cellular hypoxia occurs brain death is imminent.4. Two individuals come to the emergency department with head injuries. A 25 years old, has just been in a motor vehicle accident (MVA) and has a temporal lobe injury. The other, 65 years old, has increasing confusion after a fall that happened earlier in the week. How could you clinically differentiate mingled with the individual with the extradural hematoma and the individual with the subdural hematoma? Which one of these individuals requires priority surgical treatment? (1 point)To clinically distinguish between these two injuries it is vital to understand the location of the injury, age of the individual, and extent of the injury. In this case the 25 year-old individual post motor vehicle accident has suffered extradural hematoma. The impact of the accident has caused blunt force trauma to head, which caused a rupture of meningeal artery. Arteries are generally are larger and bleed nimbleer, which p redisposes this individual for quick blood loss. Irregular heart beat and breathing can lead to coma. The 65 year-old individual that has suffered a fall is presenting with subdural hematoma which involves veins, stretching of the veins causes them to snatch and bleed. However since this patient is older and in older individuals brain cells die and brain shrinks there is more space in a brain so the veins stretch under low pressure and dont bleed as fast. As this condition can cause increased intracranial pressure and lead to herniation of the brain it definitely requires immediate intervention. Nevertheless the priority surgical treatment testament be the individual with extradural hematoma overdue to increased risk of bleeding.Chapter 196. What conditions must be present for a diagnosis of Reye syndrome? (0.25 point)Reye syndrome is believed to be caused by Influenza A, B, and chicken pox. Aspirin also should be avoided with children as it may cause Reye syndrome. Some studies suggest genetic predisposition to Reye syndrome. Some of the conditions that must be existent with this disease are persistent vomiting, loss of consciousness, and effects memory function. Reye syndrome affects temporal lobe of the brain where memory is stored. The encephalopathy is caused by liver depositing lipids. While looking at physiologic symptoms, the cerebrospinal fluid is obtain, and will likely be positive for leukocyte. Treatments depend on the extent of the illness.

Child Abuse

puerility handle is a major issue in the world today we all pick out or have heard of unfortunate events dealing with pip-squeakren. Abuse changes your lifeFight Back and change the life of your abusers by Breaking Your Silence on Abuse (Patty Rase Hopson grown survivor of childhood internal abuse). I believe thither are long term affects to child abuse and adults or parents should be sent to jail. Childhood abuse is positively related to adult depression, aggression, hostility, anger, fear, anxiety disorders, and personality disorders.At least 3 meta-analyses on the effects of childhood sexual abuse find clear and convincing evidence of a link between such abuse and a host of adult psychological symptoms. Childhood abuse to have consistent significant effects on early onset and recurrent depression and that violence from siblings or multiple family members was most powerfully associated with recurrent depression. Other studies also show that childhood abuse has consistent effe cts on first onset of early adult psychopathology.Women with such abuse also had significantly greater lifetime prevalences of agoraphobia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, social phobia, sexual disorders, and suicide attempts than women without such abuse. Adults who experienced either sexual or physical abuse as children are found to have anxiety disorders and depressive disorders to be significantly higher in both men and women with a news report of either physical or sexual abuse. I believe parents should go to jail for abusing their kids it is a serious issue that many Americans go through.Kids need to plough up in a safe and loving environment so they can be productive adults. If parents are sent to jail that means the child will no longer have a parent, but they are better off without them. If they are getting mistreated at home whence they are in a better situation at a foster home than with a crazy parent. In conclusion, I believe there are long term affects to child abuse and adults or parents should be sent to jail. Works citedHelpGuide. com Macintosh Support Experts. (n. d. ). HelpGuide. com Macintosh Support Experts. Retrieved October 1, 2012, from http//www. helpguide. com New cockcrow Technologies. (n. d. ). New Dawn Technologies. Retrieved October 1, 2012, from http//www. newdawn. com Abuse changes your lifeFight Back and change the life of your abusers by Breaking Your Silence on Abuse (Patty Rase Hopson Adult survivor of childhood sexual abuse).

Environmental Depletion Essay

1. Individuals atomic number 18 affected by the environment in divers(prenominal) shipway. The environment is an essential element in compositions daily sustenance. The environment is the source of fresh air which humans breath in point to live, the source of fruits and vegetables that are necessary for the better functioning of the body, and the anxiety taker of nature which provides man with a serene view of the world. The environment is also the source of trees and another(prenominal) raw materials that are used in the production of the basic needs of the modern world.The environment aids man in so many ways that living without it is tot in anyy indispensable for the survival of man. However, the many blessings and benefits which man derives from the environment open caused greed and abuse. The environment, as many theorize is very sick because of mans lack of concern for it. Instead of striving to preserve and/ or cultivate all that the environment has to offer, man continues to abuse and show lack of care for the environment. Thus, the world now is experiencing too many nature related tragedies.The tragedies that are happening and the climate changes as well as global warming are all the result of mans depletion of the earths natural resource. Everything which the environment has to offer has been continually abused by man and utilized commercially to satisfy their greed for profit. What man forgets is that whatever he does with the environment pull up stakes be done to him two fold.Aside from the physical effects, changes in the environment backside also have physiologic and psychological effects to man. If the temperature is hot and dry, man tends to be sweaty and thirsty while if the temperature is cold, the body of man tends to cling on to approximatelything that get out provide him warmth. Psychologically, a hot temperature will most likely cause man to be easily irritated and annoyed. More often than not, the patience is man is short er when it is hot as compared when the temperature is cold.In addition, if the environment to which man lives in is rowdy or in chaos or there is too much pollution, the aim of man is also to discover and act in chaos whereas if the environment is serene, man, most often than not, will feel relaxed and relieved. A busy and crowded environment may lead to stress but a lax setting may temper the mind and feelings of man.Individuals, generally, act in accordance with what they see and feel from the environment. There are only a few people who do not feel affected with what is happening in their environment, these are the people who have high tolerance and have a high sense of discipline to detach themselves from the environment where they are.2. In the past five years, there has been an increased sensation in the environment because man has been feeling the wrath of nature. The effects of the pollution of the water, the seas and rivers, the air and the noise pollution that are felt world wide are starting to cause serious trouble to mans daily existence. There has been too much pollution around that man can merely enjoy the benefits which nature used to offer. The climate changes, global warming, extinction of plants, animals and fishes, melting of glaciers and scarcity of natural resources such as water, trees and animals have caused man difficulties. In some parts of the world, such as Africa, water scarcity is very prevalent (Arriens, 2007). The people there hardly have any water to drink, cook and bath. In the years to come, it has been predicted by several scientists and researchers that water scarcity will be felt in a greater degree.If there is water scarcity, almost all resources will be affected. Lack of water will also deprive man to cultivate the soil and plant fruits, vegetables and rich thus there will be food shortage. Cost of products bought in the market will also rise. The lesser products there are available, the higher is the cost.The fear o f man to experience all of these adverse effects is the reason why there has been an increased awareness of the environment, which I believe is just right. Man needs to protect and preserve the blessings of nature in order to live longer and enjoy life better.

Safe Sex, Or Is It

The number of teenagers having sex is increasing every year. With sexually transmitted diseases public more than ever, the Philadelphia poster of Education has decided to allow luxuriously schoolsto distribute condoms to students. The board of Education isdoing this, to demonstrate to students that safe sex is a goodidea. I play off with the distribution of condoms in public highschools because it abets safe sex among teenagers, allowsschools to supplement pargonntal education, and teaches sexualresponsibility.Sexually transmitted diseases affect teenagers because someteenagers argon non told the consequences of unprotected sex. Besides abstinence, condoms are the best protector from sexuallytransmitted diseases. High schools that distribute the condomsshow that they do not want to see children infected with diseasesor a teenage girl to become pregnant. Continuing to promote safesex, the high schools and the Board of Education decrease thechances of teenagers catching a disease or becoming pregnant.The promotion regarding safe sex, almost seems like theconversation a boot would reserve with their child about sex. The Board of Education promotes safe sex that way to make thesubject of safe sex more comfortable for a call down to talk to hisor her child about safe sex. The distribution of condoms in high schools allows the Boardof Education and public high schools to intervene as a enatefigure and give parental advice. Their are a lot of households,were the parents do not bother themselves with their children andlet their kids run wild.Kids who are raised in thosecircumstances sometimes will cause sex to realise the attention theywant and to be loved. The distribution of condoms shows that theBoard of Education and public high schools care about the welfareof teenagers. Some parents object to high schools distributingcondoms, because the parents say the Board of Education and the high schools send the wrong message. Some parents complain thatthe Board of Education is promoting premarital sex. Theseparents say that the best policy of preventing disease andpregnancy is to practice abstinence.The Board of Educationargues that if the students decide to have sex, then they shouldbe protected. This is why condoms are being distributed. It isnot to say Go ahead and have sex, but if a student decides tohave sex, that student should protect his or herself. Thedecision to have sex is the students responsibility. Distributing condoms also teaches responsibility, by givingthe student the opportunity to protects his or herself. TheBoard of Education and public high schools teach teenagers tolook at the situations and decide for his or herself what is right, and what is wrong.After all, the teenagers are the oneswho make the decision whether or not to have sex. As teenagersget older, their responsibilities increase, but with sexuallytransmitted diseases and teenage pregnancy, the teenagersresponsibility starts when they decide to have sex. Th e Board ofEducation feels that the responsibility of safe sex is not theparents, but the teenagers. The distribution of condoms is a sincere gesture by theBoard of Education, and by allowing high schools to do this itshows that the high schools care about their students.Condomdistribution promotes safety, and it teaches responsibility. Themembers of the Board of Education see what it is like to be ateenager and a parent, and the Board of Education does not wantto see another teenager become pregnant, or worse die from beingirresponsible and having unprotected sex. The Board of Educationwants to see teenagers enjoying high school. High school is animportant step in a teenager s life and if teenagers are educatedabout all aspects of life and taught responsibility, they willgrow up to be mature adults.

Apple Management Essay

Why was Dubinsky initially successful? Her first 3 years at apple from July 1981 through the fall of 1984 was ones continuous success with increasing authority and recognition. She refined and formalized the apple product statistical distribution policy. She exactly understood apple topographic point in market and create a marketing execution funnel that Apple Company didnt mystify this arrangement before. She and her group took all apple products from their respective manufacturing sites to the dealers. They improved wargonhousing, customer service, recognize, repair service, order entry, and a technical group to assist dealers. She was risk taker.Maintained relationship with apple dealers.Willingly and aptly fought for her subordinates and for apple dealers and customers. Focused primarily on her caring and honest relationship with her subordinates, Worked closely with 6 distribution centers across the country, She eer supported company stopping point even if she didnt del ay with it. She always had a companys interest at heart, she was extremely intelligent, had a great sense of humor, had a sincere ability in presentation, she was self confident, she was very direct.How and why did things unravel?Steve Jobs forced Coleman to do Dubinskys job and set up a juvenile distribution cast, and it was more than new distribution system. It was a total change in distribution and manufacturing strategy, taking apple from supply-driven to demand-driven and reducing the distribution and warehouse centers from six to zero, it pore only on central processing units, ignoring apples other products, thither was no provision for customer complaints and product returns it was inconvenient for dealers who would be require to split their request between the two product divisions and their respective theatre directors of manufacturing.How did Dubinsky react and why?It was unfair from the side of Dubinsky because it should have been his job to prepare a new system fo r distribution if required. She found the wrongparts in the distribution plan of Coleman but she could not persuade others to change the company marketing strategy and they did not give her a chance to change or improve that. Its obvious that she took an emotional decision. But she decided and made an ultimatum if Campbell did not agree to her terms, she would leave apple. And after that she wrote her letter of resignation, she told weaver about her ultimatum.How should she and others at apple handle the circumstances differently? Steve Jobs was forcing Coleman to do Dubinskys job and set up a new distribution plan, and Jobs was doing that because he could make Coleman think in Jobs way, since he was working in Jobs division as director of manufacturing. But that was unfair from the side of Dubinsky because it should have been his job to prepare a new system for distribution if required, since she was responsible for distribution. In that situation, we cannot blame Dubinsky for gett ing offended but on the other hand, its obvious that she took an emotional decision. She should have acted more professionally. She had already found the wrong parts in the distribution plan of Coleman. Other then criticizing, she should have spent her time on setting up another and new distribution plan. It is obvious that, Apple could reduce its be with a new distribution system, so that, change was required and it would be done somehow.She could have harmonized the system that Apple was already using and the system which was proposed by Coleman. It seems like some of the products that Apple manufactured were not suitable for the Just-in-time distribution system, and some of them were suitable. So they could use just-in-time system for some products, but to a fault use the existing distribution system for the required products. That could reduce the subroutine of warehouses and reduce the costs. Probably she should have stick with up with a new plan. She didnt want any interve ntions from the outside while setting up her plan, but, that was an emotional reaction too. The ultimatum she gave was a wrong attitude. She should took recommendations and advice and evaluate a new plan for distribution.How do you explain the success of the switching?Transformation is successful if improved efficiency and outcome or simplified the way to achievement. In order to remain successful, close to businesses privation to continually transform and reinvent themselves. Companies who understand this principle are better prepared for the future, and can adjust if need be to the changing humanness around them. Here are four guidelines that are important to the business transformation process. In order to have a successful transformation we need to Understand our Company and Its Values understand our goals, set ourselves apart from others, decide our own future. Products and services may come and go, but a company should always remain true to its core values. It is not enoug h just to have goals. You withal have to understand and completely believe in them.Even if you are in the process of transforming certain parts of your business, it is important to stay focused on the primary goals. Make sure you understand why your business exists, and how it makes a difference to your customers. Successful companies almost always have something about them that is just a bit different from their competitors. This is where business transformation can really come into play. Many times a company can greatly increase their level of success and profitability by just revising a hardly a(prenominal) small details. Stay true to your overall goals and mission, but never stop searching for ways to add value and innovation to your company.What was done well and what could have been done differently? AACP had been modify from an unprofitable hierarchical and demoralized organization whose very existence was at stake, to a profitable, modern and existing company. Bringing in senior managers from outside the industry to replace the old guard revitalized the entire organization .significant effort went into developing new insurance products .expanding distribution and initiation bold marketing campaigns, started to actively engage with the local community. Set out to regain AACPs position as Thailand number two life general agent .finding a replacement for the former chief agency .major change in how agents get paid. Build relationships.Exchange sales techniques .listen to motivational speakers and insurance industry leaders. shakeup the agency sales force, restructuring the product portfolio, rebuilding the management team, re designing the work environment, reinforcing people management and but all these changes was regardless to culture factors and there was not sufficient time for employees and customers to adopt with these abrupt changes. It was better first persuade employees and customers about changes. Preparation is necessary before change.Wha t is different about how transformation change works (or not) in south-east Asia? Each of the selenium Asian states and the manifold societies of which they are composed are going through incisive processes of transformation. Southeast Asia has long been identified and recognized as one of the most promising and thriving economic roles in the world, and thus inevitably a potential hook for companies that want to expand their business activities. Singapore, Malaysia, Myanmar, Indonesia, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia, Brunei, Philippines and Vietnam are enlisted among the fastest development economies in the world. millions people has earned Southeast Asia a huge base of purchasing ply and enriched it in terms of infrastructure development, communication and information technology, power sectors and environment.The members of ASEAN are a great market export destination for Canada after China. The entire credit goes to the explosive economic expansion and an equally strong demand. This happens not only because Southeast Asia has a strong foothold in foreign markets, but also because it gets huge tax benefits from different foreign countries. The strategic location, pro-business environment, attractive tax regulations, skilled labor, technologically superior infrastructure, competent legal set up, upstart life-style and a government that is stable as well as proactive, together contribute to the business culture of Southeast Asia. . Southeast Asia attracts a large number of international firms every year. As compared to the other Asian countries, Southeast Asia calls for the least amount of operations.Apart from the tourism industry, huge revenue is generated from trades and expo Southeast Asia is witnessing a huge boom in the IT industry as well. The IT industry is making its hub there and reducing their operational cost substantially. A number of companies in this region derive immense benefit from the similarities in terms of culture, language and even accents . Over all, it can rightly be said that the business culture of Southeast Asia is such that the region is constantly moving high towards the pinnacle of economic growth and justifying itself as a region of increased importance in forthwiths world of globalization.Clusters of dynamic economies that include the newly emerging as well as the highly developed are constantly operating and growing as per their characteristic manners and disciplines. All major world religions were established in Southeast Asia. In the course of their introduction to local societies, Hinduism (Bali, Java), Theravada Buddhism (Burma, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia), Sunni Islam (Indonesia, Malaysia), Christianity (Philippines, Indonesia, Vietnam), Confucianism and Daoism (Vietnam) were adapted to, and transformed by, these societies beliefs and their ritually enacted ideas about the Socio-political, cosmological and moral order, with all these different in languages, cultures and religions. It is almost impossibl e to survive without change.

Bend It Like Becham and Looking for Alibrandi

This term we squander studied the film bend it like beck ham and the novel feel for librarian. They both explore coming of age with different experiences to mature into the person they are today. But during that process they come across similar challenges to face. Jess is from a strict Indian silks family who expectations are high for both Jess and her sister pinky. The director of bend it like Bchamel explores the experiences of coming of age by showing challenges with her culture.Jess wants to short-change football professional but her family and culture disapproves of this idea and has to go by her parents values. The point of view shoot from basiss perspective and the quotation you can become a fine doctor and solicitor now this show the expectations and values of the family and culture. Josephine goes through similar challenges where she struggles to accept her culture and not hate it. Josephine says, I hate be Italian this shows Josephine not liking her culture and her background. both(prenominal)Josephine and Jess go through similar challenges with their culture and learning to cope with it. Throughout the film and the novel Josses and Jess have to go through challenges with their family, Josses has grown up her whole life without a dad. When her dad shows up Josses is shocked and doesnt want to see him. We dont need him, Josses says to her mum ,telling her she doesnt want him in her life. Through out the novel Josses has to overcome her hate she had for her dad in the past and let it go. And allow accepting him in her life.Jess might not have a peeled dad in her life but she sure does have family issues. Jess finds out her finals is on the same day as her sisters wedding. She has to choose betwixt her futures of her family. She chooses family because she knows its the repair thing to do IM not lying any more Jess says realizing . Lying is not right and has to become more mature and choose right decisions. As the wedding goes on her dad saw she was upset and allowed her to go to the rest of the game on a conditions she comes back straight after.The parallel het up of pinky held up by Teeth and Jess been help up by her team and Josses learning to accept her dad represents that both girls have achieved a new mile stone in the coming of age experience. By going through the experience of coming through age Josses and Jess also go through different challenges. Jess has gender restrictions where her culture and family do not believe a girl should play football Jess ignores her culture and lies to her parents . When her parents find out and forbids her to play once more Jess stands up to her family telling them this is my passion and what I love to do. F I cant tell you what I want now, then I will never be happy Jess sticks up in what she wants in life even if her culture and family do not agree. Josses also goes through a harsh time when her close jockstrap died I wonder now why I thought it Johns suicide wasnt true. Pap er and could forget the next day. This shows Josses trying to accept John has died and is never coming back. Both Josses and Jess have similar challenges to allow them to come of age thought out the novel and film but despite there similarities they also have differences as well.

Historiography/Primary Sources Project

Every empire tells itself and the world that it is unlike all opposite empires and that its mission is not to plunder and control but to educate and turn is a quote by Edward W. Said. During the 19th century, Western nations started expansion into territorial imperialism to collect resources from colonies to benefit economically, governmentally, and socially. Jules Ferry, a former french prime minister, created a compound policy to colonize territories for Frances benefits and to refine the people in those territories. His biased views may meet the historical impact and people should not believe everything they hear.One should collapse a document and take past knowledge on the issue into consideration before making any decisions. The French compound Expansion is a modernized text of the Speech Before the French Chamber of Deputies by the former French prime minister, Jules Francois Camille Ferry, on March 28, 1884. Jules Ferry made this run-in to show his support for imperial ism and that it was the plainly way, at the time, for a nation to be powerful. He believed that the colonial expansion policy consisted of economic ideas, the most far-reaching ideas of civilization, and ideas of a political and patriotic sort (Watts, Int. ).He backed his argument up with some statistics of how other nations, like Germany or the United States of America, have outlets, or colonies to export goods to, and this helped expand their merchandise. Colonial policy will allow for France to compete against other powerful nations and help solve problems like the freedom of trade and supply and demand (Arkenberg, Int. ). Not only did Ferry want to maintain Frances power, he also believed that Europeans were the outstanding race because they were civilized. A social issue he wanted to overcome was to civilize the inferior races because it was the higher races duty to do so (Arkenberg, Int. . In addition, Ferry made a good point that France needs colonies to support its navy with harbors, defenses, and supplies that piece of tail only be obtained overseas. Ferry was for imperialism because it had many benefits to the nation. However, many socialists and conservative critics were against his policy for different reasons (Jules, Int. ). He was addressing his speech to those that opposed imperialism and the French Chamber of Deputies. His motivation was to mobiliseing the ideas of imperialism and point out the benefits of it to the people of France. Obviously, he has a lot of pride in his country because he believes that they are the superior race, so he wants to spread the feel of nationalism by gaining power to France (Watts, Int. ). The power of a nation is gained by the amount of land it has. The colonial policy led France to annex Tunis, Madagascar, Indo-China, and explore the Congo and the Niger region (Jules, Int. ). Based on all of the exploration done by France, one can conclude that France is a powerful nation and its colonial policy went in to effect. They were great competitors with other Europeans and the United States because they took over many rich African and Asian countries.With all of their new territories, they would have a better market because they would have raw materials sent to them from those countries, and they would sell them back (Arkenberg, Int. ). In addition, the French have a lot of pride in themselves because they believe that they are the superior race, so they would try to civilize the people in many of their territories. Therefore, the local culture of those countries probably went down and there was a lot of hatred towards the French for the change of their way of living, style, and religion.Because Jules Ferry believed that the Europeans were a superior race, this proves that he was biased because he only looked at the European view of imperialism. He only sees that the colonial policy will benefit and solve Frances economic, social, and political problems. However, he doesnt look at the vie w of the African and Asian countries being claimed. To them, imperialism is a horrible thing because their way of life is being taken away and replaced by a different life style.Also, imperialism would stop their learning curve and affect their nations development. New problems would arise as well. For example, after the division of African territory amid each European nation, African tribes were moved and this created more fights between them. Ferry also leaves out the conflicts between the European nations and the U. S. Imperialism is not always beneficial to a nation because there would always be arguments between two or more nations over land, and war would erupt if the issue is non-negotiable.Edward W. Saids quote, every empire tells itself and the world that it is unlike all other empires and that its mission is not to plunder and control but to educate and liberate shows that Jules Ferry is biased because he is only presenting the benefits to France and not the problems tha t it could do to the colonized territories or to Western nations all together. One should never completely believe everything they hear and analysis is needed to see both sides of a story.

Problems Faceing Susu Collectors in the Bantama Sub-Metro

CHAPTER ONE Introduction Background to the break d testify Personal saving may be voluntary it feces in whatever case be contractual by insurance policies by insurance companies and as well contrisolelyory if through the traditional social security dodge of rules or susu. Susu is a traditional gain of saving where an individual saves a fixed hail per twenty- quartet hours with a susu consumeor for a specified consequence, say matchless month. At the can of the month, the Individual collects his or her total nest egg less one days inst totally ment, which the susu collector deducts as commission. The melloweder the umber of clients of a susu collector, the higher the level of that collectors commission at the end of each calendar month. Susu is the popular peak given to the rotating nest egg alliance in gold coast. It is said to be of Yoruba origin, which is an adulteration of esusu. The term is believed to return been introduced into gold coast by migrant Ibo t raders before independence in 1957, when anatomyal intrusting had non caught up well with quite a little curiously the indigenous illiterates folks who were mainly traders. With the Aliens Compliance Order in 1969 orgasm into force, these aliens left this legacy.Then came quite a number of gold coastians entering into the deposit line as a result. A a few(prenominal) unscrupulous persons also crept in and some actually bolted away with their clients saving. (Aryeetey and Gockel, 1991) In response to the change magnitude cases of fraudulent practices of some susu collectors in the late 1980s, Ghana Co-operative Susu Collectors Association was formed in 1990 in an possess to regulate and supervise the activities of the susu collectors. This association serves as the m show uphpiece for all susu co-operatives in Ghana. It is the agent that collects taxes on behalf of the commissioner of indwelling razeue services and external recognize facilities for its regional or dist rict societies. (Aryeetey, 2000) and Ardner (1964) echo an escaped confirmation that susu was an quaint institution prior to the introduction of the British currency. Susu was practiced by Nigerian traders in Makola number (deuce) grocery store in Accra. A unwrap from the term susu, the rotating saving club is kn receive by other names in different whiles of Ghana. The Ewes comm all refer to the clubs as edzodzo or eso dzodzo. Whist among the Kotokoles in the northern part of the Volta region, it is known as edeso (I. P. C, 1988).In some quarters in Laura town the club is known as lekseque. Statement of the problem People have genuinelyized the importance of susu fascinate b arg unless susu collectors vistas a lot of problems mobilizing readers to participate in the synopsis. A lot of contributors have lost matter to or back unwrap of the intent because of the bad perception about susu collectors. Collectors image themselves wanting as sometimes the radical in which they join collapse as a result of embezzlement by the grouping leaders. Some contributors also end up collecting their sh be of the money contributed and refuse to contribute again. strands that ar involved in the saving scheme also faces documentation problems with their clients. Unfortunately the large essence of look into on knowledgeable nest egg has not investigated the problems facing the susu collectors. In pursuit of this query, however, an attempt has been do to find the antecedent facts that leave the indigenous nest egg scheme incapable of living up to expectation as far as mobilisation, administration and management of coin atomic number 18 concerned. Purpose of the study General accusatory The oecumenic purpose of this study was to discover the problems facing susu collectors.The specific objectives of the study are Specific Objectives 1. To poke into some silent points in the administration and management of susu schemes. 2. To identify how susu saving scheme is organized and operated by individuals and other fiscal institutions. 3. To find out why mint deal in susu schemes. Research questions The tec posed the following questions to the respondent. 1. What problems exist in the administration of susu scheme? 2. What measures do collectors adopt to batten the caoutchouc of the contributions? 3. Who are those involved in the susu allurement? . What problems do collectors face with their clients? 5. How does the scheme operate? 6. Why do mickle engage in susu? Significance of the study. This study may be useful to susu collectors, financial institutions that usurp part in the scheme, Ghana Co-operative Susu Collectors Association (G. C. S. C. A), susu contributors and the general public. The management of susu schemes will be able to lap up the problems facing their collectors as well as management and administration problems. This may be possible after knowing the problems that exist in the operation of the scheme.The study pull up stakess feedback to the Ghana Co-operative Susu Collectors Association (G. C. S. C. A) as to what actually goes on with the operation of the scheme. The study will contribute to the general understanding of susu operations to the advantage of the susu contributor and the general public. Limitaions to the study The study was not obviously without shortcomings. The inquiryer was trammel about with some problems. Books written on the susu scheme were a little source of information. The method of sampling utilise by the searcher was not the sequester technique but was the cheapest.Other problems were the refusal of some flock to grant interview on the topic and the questionnaires. However, with all the problems, it is the hope and wish of the researcher that all information gathered are valid and beneficial to the provoke parties especially people of Bantama sub metro. Delimitation of the study In other to compress reliable records and information, the research was c entered on susu collectors. The researcher contacted garden city savings and imparts Bantama branch and Gye nyame susu center at Suntreso mho and their members, collectors in their offices and homes.The conclusions and generation thence were not applicable to all susu schemes. musical arrangement The study consists of five chapters. Chapter one of this study deals with the introduction. It covers the background to the study and sets out the statement of the problem, purpose of the study, the research questions, the logical implication of the study, the limitations of the study, delimitation of the study, the organization, and definition of terms. Chapter two covers the review of significant or related literature to the study review. Chapter iii also run out about the methodology and the procedure for the research.It looks at the assorted instruments employ in collecting the selective information of the study. Chapter four deals with the presentation of data analysis of i nformation gathered from the survey and interpretation of results. Chapter five also deals with the unofficial of findings, conclusion and recommendations. Definition of Term SUSU An alteration of ,esusu, a yuroba word given to the rotating savings club in Ghana. CHAPTER TWO Literature review Introduction Informal financial savings have been an important part of local financial resource mobilisation in Ghana and other countries since the introduction of money as medium of xchange. Through these savings most trader and dwellers are able to raise capital for their business and other commercial activities. This involves element of credit substance and the insurance scheme. In Ghana, the traditional societies are called by the name susu societies and susu clubs. A lot of authors, researchers and scholars have addressed the issue of susu. Problems Howard et, al (2000) contended that susu collectors are unused in having an apex organization to represent them. In the North, eight hundred and fifty (850) are registered ith this though it is estimated that a further one hundred and fifty (150) unregistered members operate in the North. They run the business from carrel located in the market place and act as mobile cussers deposits, often of low but regular value, are usually taken on occasional base of operations over the course of the month. Ghana-vision 2020 weapons platform Of Action for the first medium-term ripening innovation (June 1998-2000) stated that though voluntary informal savings groups (susu) provide most of the stimulateing capital of elegant and medium scale enterprises, these susu groups nd other non-banking financial institutions are at present not geared towards long investment financing. This has been a major problem with susu groups in Ghana. However there is strong possibility for susu to form the basis for the establishment of mutual funds and co-operative savings scheme. According to the report of Financial Accountability and mana gement (August 2004), it is inevitable that the festering of credit unions does not adjust to a single universal blueprint. In the context of worldwide happen uponment, three major differences in the development of particular credit union industries.Credit union movements in specific locations will potentially move from birth, through adolescence to full development as a consequence of the growth in assets and a take on bearing on righteousness. Again to the extent that homogeneity does not pertain, significant variability in accountability mingled with credit unions may exist. Safety of contributions According to Aryeetey (2000) most informal savings dispersers (including susu collectors) use bank facilities for deposits. This implies that a substantial part of rural financial savings end up in banks. At Bonwire and Efiduase in rural Asante, susu ollectors were able to collect ? 8. 8 million and ? 8. 6 million per month, respectively, which they saved in commercial banks in K umasi, the regional capital (ROSCA survey, 1999). But while informally mobilized savings are to lift the lending operations of formal banks both this study and the study by Aryeetey (2000) indicates that such lending is skewed towards urban areas. These susu collectors use the banking facilities extensively to safeguard their funds. People involved in the scheme Ndeh (1998) in presenting a paper on the informal savings added that women specially those in the rural population faces considerable obstacles in their access to institutional source of funding. For instance some bank managers would like to sleep with them before they are given loans. Because they do not want to fall victims of circumstances they decide to form groups to save funds in order to aid them in their finances. To add to his comment Ndeh talked about the situation in the Philippines where traders especially women who are married cannot contract loan from the bank without the consent of their husbands. They there fore involve themselves in informal financing here they can get easy access to credit. Ndeh also said that less than 28% of Cameroon women traders get access to formal credit. He also commented that this kind of situation in Cameroon might also affect traders in other developing countries. According to Ardener and Burnan (1995) the rotating susu club continue to play a energising role in sufficeing to meet the interchange needs of women traders and farmers. It is nominate on principles of mutual trust, indispensable relations and homogeneity. Most susu collectors were Women. This shows that women are mostly involved in the susu scheme. According to Caselli.F (1998), the susu collectors provide savings facilities to individuals involved in a wide variety of informal income generating activities, traders, cart pushers, apprentices, mechanism drivers, and sometimes farmers and fishermen. operation of the scheme According to Adjetey (1998), a variant of the susu scheme in popularl y known as olu savings scheme, sometimes described in the literature as mobile banking. In the scheme, the olus or susu collectors go to markets and hawkers to collect quotidian savings. The saver chooses the amount he or she can deposit each day, and the collector ecords this amount on a card, indicating some personal information about the depositor. No formal agreement exists between the saver and the collector. The scheme is based entirely on personal trust and human relationship. Some collectors do rat credit facilities available to some of their traders. Such facilities sometimes attract interest payments that one made on daily basis. Susu collectors are entitled to the first daily contribution as commission. The money collected from mingled contributors are sent to the agent of the scheme which is posterior deposited at the bank for save keeping. Emerging systemBortei-doku and Ayeetey (1998) discuss the operation of rotating savings clubs in Ghana, shedding light on such issues as the significance of clubs at bottom the national economy, their structural and functional characteristics, their gender composition, the attitudes and perceptions of club members about the system, and more recent changes and variations include by changes in the national macro stinting setting. They note that while the mainstream principle of grouping together people whose common goal is to accumulate a lump sum over a specific period of time is still a respected method for obilizing savings and allocation credit, and thus a full-bodied socioeconomic development instrument, the operationalisation of that principle had changed over time. They noted that new institutions had emerged, but using the same principle, that is susu collectors and rising savings and loan companies. Botei-doku and Aryeetey argue that despite changes in how the principle group economic activity operationalised, the interests of men and women as differentiable savers in this informal sector activit y appear to have been effected even if plainly moderately thus, while women appear to be more active in accumulating the required ump-sums within the frame train of the newer susu collector system, more men particularly at workplaces, continue to stock to rotating saving schemes. They concord that the susu system remains a resilient institution, in view of the preparedness of participants to introduce operational innovations in response to changing socioeconomic conditions. similarly in a report on new institutions, Aryeetey, (2000) observes susu companies that have emerged in Ghana besides since 1985 operational principles are similar to those of individual susu collectors. The difference between the two is that the saver is guaranteed credit. Rather han deposits being returned to the saver monthly, as is the case with the susu collector, the comp all holds them for at least sextet months, after which depositor may withdraw the saving in addition to an equivalent amount of loa n. As part of the innovation occurring among informal units, newer savings and loan companies have also emerged. These entities sometimes use commissioned agents (susu collectors) to mobilize deposits primarily from market women and make short-term loans available to them from time to time. Interest and substantiative base Broham, hind end (2000) lay down that on the credit side, the advances made by the susu ollectors to their regular depositors are usually of low value, precise short term ( less than one year) provided in an interest free basis without collateral and disbursed today if the money is at hand. The money lenders advance loans on interest higher than the banks but without collateral, and disbursed rattling pronto if the client is known. The world marge (1995) indicates that positive real interest rates are not critical in mobilizing additional deposits and creating avenues for granting credit as evidence by the fact that the susu system functions with negative noun phrase rates.It indicates that rural communities place a higher premium on convenience, accessibility and trust. Why people engage in susu Aryeetey and Gockel (1991) also stated that, the estimates of the surface of informal savings suggest that about fifty percent (50%) of total financial savings in Ghana is attributable to the susu system. Most susu clubs are guided by unwritten codes of conduct. Writers like Aryeetey and Aryeetey (1996) wrote on the operations, utilizations, and changes in rotating susu savings in Ghana. They found out that in an economic climate where several social groups in the orkforce find that their access to informal institutions is limited due to their socio- economic handicap, informal institutions such as susu are beat to flourish. Aryeetey et al (1990) said besides the difficulty of operational a bank account, the distribution of bans and the low levels of literacy in Ghana especially among traders, makes the informal saving unimaginative for certain categories of people. While in the large urban areas of Ghana, banking facilities may be away from them. Although susu collectors sometimes embezzle their money they still prefer it because the collectors ome to collect the daily contribution at their workplace. Ndeh (1998) presented a paper on the informal savings. He commented that, in developing countries, the financial institutions have utterly neglected the mobilisation of savings and deposit facilities in order to make them accessible to majority of the rural population therefore this people have resorted to informal savings to save their hard compassed money. Aryeetey and aryeetey (1995) indicated that, though susu is popularly used to purchased small consumer goods, there a is strong evidence that, it is an important source of business capital. Opoku l. (1997) argues that ,susu is perhaps the best-known and oldest form of self- financing business scheme in Ghana. The Sunday Hauld (1997) also argues that susu is perhaps the largest best known and oldest form of self financial business scheme in Ghana. Despite the growth of the banking sector, in the past few years susu and other non banking financial scheme have remained the back bone and lifeline for a substances analogy of workers in Ghanas economic development especially those operating in the informal sector, which is in fact the dominant force in the countrys economy. This has shown the contribution of the cheme to national development. The World Bank (1995) also identifies several informal financial arrangements in Ghana. They include Rotating Savings and Credit Associations (ROSCA) and moneylenders. It attempts to find explanations for the public of the informal sector and suggest that in rural areas are the banking system offer low persona services the processing of deposit and climb-down takes several hours, and in some instances customers find no cash and must revisit the bank in order to make a withdrawal. This has shown tha t some people are interested in the scheme because of the convenience attached o the susu scheme. CHAPTER THREE METHODOLOGY Introduction To ensure the arrangement of reliable and accurate information or data for the research work, certain procedures and methods were adopted. This chapter deals with the methods used by the researcher in collecting data for the purpose of the research. It involves the research design, population and sampling, data collection techniques, data collection procedures and data analysis. Research Design The type of research design adopted for this study was a survey. A survey conducted on susu collectors to ascertain the problems they face.The survey helps find answers to research questions in order to get information needed for the research. Critically examining the research questions, it was realized that a survey was the most suitable research design for the study of information. The survey was aided by questionnaire and interview. This method gives a duodecimal means of establishing relationship among variables. Population The population for the study was from susu collectors and susu co-operative members in Bantama sub-metro. This population was made up of rotating susu collectors, susu agents nd other susu co-operative members. sample distribution The members of this study were selected through convenience and purposive sampling by relying on susu collectors and susu co-operative union members. The sample size include twenty (20) susu collectors and five (5) susu co-operative members. For reasons including lower cost, greater accuracy of results, greater speed of data collection and availability of population subjects, the researcher used convenience and purposive method of sampling. Though convenience sampling is the least reliable design, the researcher chose convenience ampling because it was the cheapest and easiest to conduct. The researcher had the freedom to choose whoever was found. This method of sampling was used to test ideas and even to gain ideas about the subject of interest. In this study, the researcher wanted to talk to only(prenominal) those directly engaged in the collection of contributions of the susu scheme hence purposive sampling was used. The researcher found it very useful and appropriate in the early stages of the research. In all, a total number of twenty-five (25) subjects were pulled from two (2) operating susu schemes in the sub-metro.This was made up of twenty (20) susu collectors and five (5) other susu co-operative union members. info collection instruments The researcher used interview and questionnaire as instruments to gather information needed for the study. The interview overture was aimed at finding out the views of individual susu collectors from various susu groups, susu administrators and other members of the scheme. The issues upon which the interview schedule was based on was the administrative problems faced by susu collectors. In all, nine (9) items were in the interview.This interview was however unstructured. The susu collectors and other members of the susu scheme who could read answered the questionnaire. In designing the questionnaire schedule, the researcher considered the degree and form of structure imposed on the respondents. He used various response strategies offer options that included unstructured open-ended response (the free prize of words) and structured or close response (specified alternatives provided). Free response nature of some of the questions offered the respondents the opportunity to channel themselves extensively.The respondents were all literates so there were no difficulties in administering the questions. Different questions were knowing for the different target groups (based on the objectives of the study in chapter one) to obtain the primary and secondary information as well as data from the field. The questionnaires designed for the respondent comprised open-ended questions and objective question s. In all Twenty- six (26) items were in the questionnaire. Data collection procedures Copies of the questionnaire were self-administered upon gaining access to participants.The questionnaire incorporated open-ended questions and was couched in simple language. With this process, a lot of data can be gotten with relative ease from different people within a shorter period. The collection of data covered a period of two weeks. The susu collectors were interviewed on-the-job with an interview lasting for an average of ten (10) minutes. Questionnaires were sent to susu collectors at their offices and on-the-job. R respondent were given two (2) weeks for the questionnaires. The questionnaires were collected personally and the rate of return of the questionnaires was snow%.Validity and reliableness of data collected. For the purpose of rigourousness, the researcher made sure that all the information obtained from the respondents were the true answers to the interview and questionnaires designed for them. Again any form of misconstrues in the minds of the respondents concerning the understanding of the question and how to complete them were explained to clear their minds. Finally, for the benefit of validity and reliability of data, the researcher deemed it right to use convenience and purposive method of sampling to avoid high cost and errors. Data analysisThe technique for analyzing data was by quantitative and qualitative techniques. The major findings were analysed in percentage points and resented in tables and graphs. CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS OF THE STUDY Introduction This chapter gives the findings and analyzes the data collected for the study. This analysis involves the use of quantitative and qualitative techniques. The major findings were then presented in percentages and resented in tables and charts. Data gathered from the findings could be evaluated to come out with the shortcomings of the operations of susu collectors and spell ut the strategies necessar y for improvement. Response from questionnaire to each area of interest. Susu Group People of interest Questionnaire Response Number percentage Garden City savings and loans susu collectors 10 9 95% Members of co-operative union 3 2 66. % Gye Nyame susu center susu collectors 10 10 century% Members of co-operative union 2 2 100% come out of the sample size of twenty (20), nineteen (19) responded, representing about 95% of the Susu collectors from the two susu groups on the sub-metro. Out of the sample size of five 5), from other members of co-operative union, four (4) responded representing about 80%. In terms of susu groups designate to respond, response ranges from 95% to 100% representing 95% of susu collectors delegate from Garden city savings and loans and 100% to susu collectors assigned from Gye Nyame susu center. With the response of members of susu co-operative union the percentage range was 66. 79% to Garden city saving and loans and 100% to Gye Nyame sus u center. The following are the findingsWhat problems exist in the Administration of susu scheme? The problem identified by Howard et, al (2000) was that susu collectors were unused in having an apex organization to represent them. Ghana-vision 2020 programme of action for the first medium-term development plan (June 1998-2000) stated that the working capital provided by susu groups in Ghana were not geared towards long-term investment financing. According to the report of Financial Accountability and Management (August 2004), the development of susu credit unions does not set to a single universal blueprint and homogeneity does not pertain. The researcher wanted to find out whether or not susu collectors had administrators. 100% of the response to this question was yes. It was further ascertained that most susu groups had the susu group administrator as the highest of authority on the organizational structure. Below shows the organizational structure of most susu groups in Bantama sub-metro dodging ADMINISTRATOR SCHEME MANAGER SCHEME ACCOUNTANT SUSU AGENTS SUSU COLLECTORS The above figure is the organizational chat which look how people, task, technological and material resources were been grouped. This speed up working activities and enhance effective, efficient, harmonization and good co-ordination.well-nigh 53% of response to the questions 8 and 9 with which the researcher wanted to find out if susu collectors faced administrative problems was yes. Which delineated ten (10) out of the nineteen (19) responses to the questions. Response to the administrative problems. Response Number interviewed Percentage (%) Yes 10 53 No 9 47 Some of the administrative problems stated included Bureaucratic problems. Low remuneration to susu collectors habitual absenteeism of top management. The strict and rigidity of rules and regulation Rules and regulations. A questionnaire was designed to find out the rules and regulations used for the administration of the scheme. The response was that, the rules and regulations which serve as a form of controlling checks and balances of the scheme helps to keep the score books and records accordingly. The rules and regulations for keeping financial records at the various schemes were the strict use of (ATF) report system treasury and financial account guidelines. It also nvolves the reporting hierarchy of the scheme from the lower susu collectors up the organizational chart to the highest of the structure. About 62% of the susu collectors complained of the rules and regulations being so strict and made no room for changes. Salary The researcher observed that the salary structure of susu collectors in Bantama sub-metro ranges from ? 400,000 to ? 700,000. Susu collectors in the sub-metro complained of their salary although most of them knew they had no better qualification to earn much salary. They compare the cumulative amount deducted from their clients as commission for them with the amount given to them at the end of the month. About 70% of the susu collectors interview evealed this to the researcher during the interview. Budget Budget was drawn to help financial plan for a period of time. Monies allocated were used for specified purposes. The compute had been prepared annually for the scheme by the general accountant who is the head of the budget implementation team up. The team according to Garden city savings and loans is made up of the scheme administrator, the general accountant, the scheme manager, and five (5) senior members of susu collectors. The component of the revenue side of the budget is made up of income from susu contributions, interest on susu contributions invested into other businesses, and loans. The economic consumption side of the budget onsist of spending on personnel emolument, administrative, services, and investment. The problem susu collectors in Bantama sub-metro have with this budget is that, they are not usually considered in the plan. What measures do susu collectors adopt to ensure the safety of contributions? According to Aryeetey (2000) most informal savings schemes (including susu collectors) use banking facilities for deposits. The susu collectors use the banking facilities extensively to safeguard their funds. The researcher also found out that, to safeguard their funds, prudish financial books were unbroken. Monies were also deposited at the banks for safekeeping. Financial books kept and their uses. Books Uses Cash book For recording income and expenditure Expenditure budget ledger arranging expenditure against budget Debtors ledger Recording credit and payments made by susu contributors. Debtors control Total of credit and payments made by all susu contributors and other creditors To ensure the safety of contribution deposited by contributors, these books are kept in addition to depositing the amount at t he bank. Almost all susu groups in the Bantama sub-metro keep these books 100% of the 19 responses received revealed this to the researcher. Monitoring team The researcher found that, the schemes or susu groups had a strong monitoring team that is made up of personnel ranging from twelve (12) to sixteen (16). The monitoring team meets monthly.The team checks and controls financial activities. This results in effectiveness and efficiency of work in the operation of the scheme. Personal interviews were held to find out if there had been any research work on problems facing susu collectors in their operations and if external auditors audited their books. The responses were that, there were auditors and those were the independent auditors away the scheme who inspects accounting books to find out if they were kept on justification and to give feedback to shareholders. They audit the books yearly to ensure the safety of the contributions. Who are those involved in the susu scheme?Ndeh (1 998) indicated that people mostly involved in the susu scheme were women. Ardener and Burnan (1995) found that, women traders and farmers were mostly involved in the susu scheme. Most susu collectors in Ghana were women. Caselli . F (1998) also found that traders , cart pushers, apprentices, mechanism drivers and sometimes farmers and fishermen were mostly involved in the susu scheme. The researcher also found out that, about 90% of susu contributors were women. This was made known to the researcher when about 95% of susu collectors confirmed that their clients were women traders. susu collectors at the various susu group. Susu Group Female Male Garden City 28 6 savings and loans Gye nyame 10 4 susu center From the table above, it could be observed that out of the total number of susu collectors from the two susu groups of xlviii (48), thirty-eight (38) of these susu collectors are female representing 79% and ten (10) out of forty-eight (48) are male represe nting only 21%. This reveals that the majority of susu collectors in the Bantama sub-metro are females. Educational qualification of respondents. Level of Education Number Interviewed Percentage (%) Tertiary education 2 8 Post secondary 8 32 Technical instruct 5 20 Vocational school 10 40 The observation made from the table and the pie chart indicated that as much as 40% of the susu collectors interviewed had vocational education, 20% had technical education, 32% had ost secondary education, and 8% had tertiary education. What problems do collectors face with their clients? Aryeetey et, al (1990) said besides the difficulty of operating a bank account, the distribution of banks and low levels of literacy in Ghana especially among traders, makes the informal saving practical for certain categories of people. Susu collectors face problems with the high illiteracy rate among the traders among the problem. This was made known to the researcher during the study. Out of the nineteen (19) responses received from susu collectors from the two (2) susu groups, eighteen (18) representing 94. 7% responded Yes to having problems with their clients.Some problems included documentation problems That is the problems mostly faced with the illiterate clients. Majority of the trader-contributors do not understand the operations of the scheme and accuse susu collectors of being fraud agents in times of any delays in payment of their contributed amount. How does the scheme operate? Referring to the literature review, Aryeetey (1998) found that, the olus or susu collectors go to markets and hawkers to collect daily savings. The susu contributor chooses the amount he or she can deposit each day, and the collector records this amount on a card, indicating some personal information about the depositor.No formal agreement exists between the saver and the collector. The scheme is based entirely on personal trust and relationship. Some collectors do make credit facilities available to some of their traders. Such facilities sometimes attract interest on the credits. Susu collectors were entitled to the first daily contribution as commission. The money collected from various contributors are sent to the agent of the scheme which is later deposited at the bank for save keeping. The researcher also found that, the monies collected by the rotating susu collectors daily are submitted to susu agents who are also called senior susu collectors to render accounts on the mount collected. susu agents renders accounts to the general accountant. The monies are then deposited at the bank or reinvested into businesses to earn interest. To ensure the safety of contributions , monies are invested into high interest earning business. Monies deposited to the banks are redrawn with the bureaucratic system were executives endorse the cheque. It includes the endorsement of the general accountant, scheme manager and scheme administrator. In cases where a contribu tor wanted to collect a contribution, the susu collector is informed a day before the collection. If the susu collector is not informed a day before the collection of the ontribution and he or she feels the amount collected from susu contributors are abounding, the susu collectors pays the amount demanded. The susu collector collects the contribution card or book within which the susu collector ticks and sends it to the office of susu group for clearance. The researcher also observed that, depositors with susu collectors usually increases the amount of their deposits in November, often doubling them. They do so obviously to ensure that they are able to save adequately towards anticipated expenditure for Christmas. Interest and collateral base Broham, John (2000) found that on the credit side, the advances made by the susu ollectors to their regular depositors are usually of low value, very short term ( less than one year) provided in an interest free basis without collateral and di sbursed immediately if the money is at hand. The money lenders advance loans on interest higher than the banks but without collateral, and disbursed very quickly if the client is known. The researcher wanted to know how lending capital was raised and allocated. For susu collectors, mobilized deposits were their only lending bases. The capital base of most susu operations in Bantama sub-metro appeared to have grown considerably in nominal terms since their activities began. Various institutions were able to specify whether he base had grown in real terms, by how much their clientele had grown. They suggested that they had seen real growth over the years. susu collectors in Bantama sub-metro granted an average loan of ?450,000 in 2004, with a repayment schedule of one month. The longest maturity period offered by susu collectors was three month. Here, also the loan amounts were often about the same size as were requested by clients. frankincense it would seem that susu collectors do not normally scale down the amount requested by clients in fact, they indicate that their clients know what is reasonable to expect. In 2004, the largest loan amount granted by asusu collector was 2,500,000 and the smallest ? 200,000 indicating the flexibility of the system. susu collectors cannot grant longer-term loans given the short-term nature of their deposit liabilities. Here, also, the difference in the average size of urban and rural loans was statically significant. The loan amount of a rotating susu group is equivalent to the total amount contributed by its members at an agreed-upon time. The size of these cash contributions vary widely from one group to another. Members usually choose an amount that will yield a sizable sufficient fund for them to make large purchases or to provide working capital for business. The appropriated size ay thus be derived from the cost of some of the goods that members wanted to buy, including household appliances and expression materials. Some of the amounts being applied in the public departments of some urban areas are about 10% of the salaries of junior civil servants each month, yielding an intake (or loan amount) of ? 900,000. Most susu collectors do not quiver interest on their loans because all they do is advance amounts equivalent to what clients are obliged to save, less their own commission at about 3. 3% each month for the 30% of the sample who do committee interest on loans particularly to non- depositor clients. It is obvious that when susu collectors decree to lend to non-clients they ehave like typical moneylenders, with the pullion-that susu collectors intermediate funds that are mobilized through susu collection. However, in view of the high-risk and short-term nature of this activity, its scope is limited. In interview to collateral, susu collectors take security for granted in view of the nature of association. Thus, many susu collectors require security only when they lend to non-deposit clie nts (40% of the sample of collectors) and almost 70% of the cooperatives do not require security. Why do people engage in susu? Aryeetey (1996) found out in his research into the operations, utilizations, and changes in otating susu savings in Ghana that, in an economic climate where several social groups in the workforce find that their access to informal institutions is limited due to their socio-economic handicap, informal institutions such as susu are bond to flourish. According to World Bank (1995), in areas where banking systems offer low quality services The processing of deposit and redrawal takes several hours then susu is bond to flourish. Out of the four (4) susu contributors interviewed, three (3) representing 75% agreed to the fact that they engage in the susu because banks may be away from them but the susu collectors come to collect the daily contribution at their own convenience. All the four (4) agreed o the fact that many banking systems offer low quality services the processing of deposits and withdrawal takes several hours and in some instances customer find no cash and must revisit the bank for withdrawal. CHAPTER FIVE Summary, conclusion and recommendations Introduction This chapter summarizes the findings in the study and draws conclusions on them. Finally it gives recommendations as to how to solve the problems entailed in the previous(prenominal) chapter and gives possible suggestions to improve on the operations of susu scheme by susu collectors. Summary The objective of this research carried on was to investigate on the problems facing susu collectors in the Bantama sub-metro.During the study, it was realized that susu groups and susu collectors kept good records on their activities. The majority of the susu collectors were females and majority of them had vocational school certificate. The susu groups prepared budget yearly with funds sourced from susu contributors re-invested into other businesses to raise enough interest to match against expenditure. Rules and regulations were set to be a guideline for book keeping at various susu groups. Appropriate budgetary system was conducted and financial books for various activities were kept properly and were used for different purposes except that susu collectors were not actively involved. A monitoring team hat checks the financial operations had been set up and external auditors audited the financial books kept strictly annually. susu collectors are attractive to low-income earners who need short-term working capital. The relatively low interest rate makes lending even more attractive, as does the possibility that repayment can be made daily in small amounts. Although the loans amounts are relatively small, their regularity enables many traders to smoothing their expenditure patterns by making immediate payments to suppliers and thus ensuring a regular flow of supplies. The small size of the loans and their very short maturity periods do not make them very usefu l for small and micro enterprises. eventually a research work that was to be conducted on the improvement of operations of the susu scheme was yet to be done. Conclusion From the information obtained from the questionnaires and interviews, a conclusion needs to be drawn to assess the operations and problems faced by susu collectors in the country. The subheadings below present the conclusion Administrative problems. Rules and regulations are set for susu groups with regards to the reporting guidelines and the proper action to be taken on the books kept at various susu schemes. The susu groups were supposed to use the ATF reporting guidelines. The majority of susu collectors inBantama sub-metro expressed their discomfort with this guideline stating it was so rigid and inflexible. The work of the external or independent auditors helps to prevent fraud and irregularities in the operations of the susu scheme. However, susu collectors expressed their discomfort when the external auditors are at the premises of the susu group stating that they distract and interrupt their daily operations and work. The daily budget drawn was to help a financial plan for a period of time. Many items of expenditure were mostly considered to match revenue for per year. susu collectors were not happy with the budget because they were not mostly considered in the budget as an expenditure item.Organization and operational problems As it was observed in the previous chapter, for a contribution to be redrawn by a contributor, he or she needs to inform the susu collector a day before the collection. susu contributors expressed their botheration with the system and mistrust with this operation. This has been a problem susu collectors face with this operation. The susu groups offer jobs for the unemployed of this country and in so doing reduces the problem of high rate of unemployment. However susu collectors expressed their dissatisfaction with the amount they receive as salary especially du ring the month of November where most susu collectors client and deposits per susu contributor increases in size. The monitoring team had not done enough study to ascertain the problems susu collectors face and even if they had done that. No effort was made to address these problems. Also the various susu groups have personnel with varying educational background like those identified in the previous chapter. How ever the groups do not set a specific standard of qualification required. The analysis in the previous chapters reveals that susu collectors cannot grant longer-term loans given the short-term nature of their deposit liabilities. Also the loan amount of a rotating susu group is equivalent to the total amount contributed by its members at an agreed-upon time. Most susu collectors do not charge interest on their loans because all they do is advance amounts equivalent to what clients are obliged to save, less their own commission. This reduces the profitability of susu groups a s well as has effects on the salary of susu collectors. susu collectors require security only when they lend to non-deposit clients. susu collectors tend to face problems when some client fails to pay amount loaned to them. To conclude it all, susu collectors face administrative problems as well as problems in the organization and operation of the scheme. Recommendation.To improve upon the operation of the susu scheme in Bantama sub-metro after identifying the problems they face. The suggestions below should be taken into consideration. Rotating susu collectors association (ROSCA) should review the ATF guidelines regularly to ensure consistent diligence of the accounting standards to the accounting books kept. The budget implementation team should also ensure that, susu collectors problems are identified and included in the budget and ensure that funds are solely spent according to what has been budgeted. ROSCA should also set up an accounting advisory unit to update the accountant on proper books keeping and accounting which will facilitate proper planning and decision.In every institution, there must be a control mechanism in order to ensure effectiveness and efficiency. ROSCA should appoint internal auditors who will work permanently for susu groups alongside a set of rules and regulations to govern the conduct of these internal auditors. Regular research work must be encouraged by way of providing researchers with the needed information in order to determine the shortfalls of the operations of susu collectors. susu deposits should be educated on the operation of the scheme in order to avoid frequent blaming of susu collectors. To raise the amount of salary for susu collectors, a low interest should be charged to regular clients.This is to get enough funds to pay susu collectors. susu collectors should demand collateral security before loans can be advanced. This is to avoid the risk of loosing money in the operation of the scheme. The researcher supposes that, if the above suggestions recommended are carried out, it would improve upon the operations of the susu scheme by susu collectors in the Bantama sub- metro. Suggestions for further research. Research work conducted was limited to problems facing susu collectors in the Bantama sub-metro. The researcher therefore suggest further research work on the problems facing susu collectors in other sub-metros in Kumasi and Ghana at large. RESEARCH QUESTIONNAIRE