K+12 Program in the Philippines : Necessary or Not?

K+12 Program in the Philippines : Necessary or Not? â€Å"Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world. †(Mandela,2010). This quote states that education develops our world to more powerful. This is one of a reason why others want the K+12 program on the Philippines. Some are not in favor of this because they say that it is not the longer education is the solution and it is the improving of quality of education. Some say that K+12 in the Philippines is not necessary while I as a student agree for this program.There are many reasons why I agree to have a K+12 Program in our country but there are three things that I think the most significant. First is to elevate the quality of education. This important because we all know that we have poor quality of education compared to the other countries. According to Isagani Cruz(2010)â€Å"The poor quality of basic education is reflected in the low achievement scores of Filipino students. One reason is that students do not get adequate instructional time or time on task. He said that our current number of years in school are not enough to fulfill the main objective of the lessons in school. We can see that some are graduated in high school but they still not ready to take their college life. Longer years of education can increase the preparedness of students on their career. Second is to inspire the students to study harder. â€Å"International test results consistently show Filipino students lagging way behind practically everybody else in the world.In the 2008 mathematics exam, for example, we came in dead last. â€Å"(Cruz,2010). Some students graduated easily forgets what they have learned from their teachers. When they are ask by their younger family member or friend they fail to recall what the answer or if its a mathematical problem they already forgot how to solve it. Longer years in school can help us to not to be embarrassed when someone is asking things that we have studi ed. Third is according to Joe Padre â€Å"Most graduates are too young to enter the labor force. He said that most of our graduates is not on their right age to work. Some cannot find a job suited for him. If we will have a K+12 Program the problem about age will be disappeared and it can be easy for them to find a good job. These reasons why K+3 program in the Philppines is necessary can be a great help in improving our knowledge about it. For me it is necessary in the philippines even though we will spend much more money for this.Money is not a reason to refuse this program, time will come after I graduated from college I know that I will have a good life. Many people refuse this program, most of them tell that it is the quality of education not the longer years in school but how can we have good quality of education if the years in school are not enough for what they want to have. K+12 program is necesary in our country because it is the only way to improve the quality of educat ion in our country. Now, we will have a more productive people in the Philipppines.

Social Impact Analysis (Hydrogen Fuel)

The search for a renewable energy source has been a top priority to us a human race in the past decade. Many ideas have come in the form of wind, solar, and nuclear power, all having their own drawbacks. But, the one that will be focused upon in this analysis is hydrogen as a source of fuel, and the technology leading the way to making it a reality. This technology would affect everyone in one way or another if correctly used. So we must ask if this technology is beneficial to us, how it might hurt us, and whether it is worth pursuing from an ethical stance. Background:Hydrogen has already been under the micro scope for many years as an alternative fuel source to us because of its abundance and power. We have simply been lacking the technology to employ it in an efficient way. But a recent break through might speed the process up of putting such a fuel in place in our modern market. A â€Å"team of researchers from Virginia Tech has discovered a way to extract large quantities of hy drogen from any plant† [1]. The research found a method to convert large quantities of hydrogen from the most plentiful plant sugar found on earth, xylose.This method is most important because it extracts the hydrogen with little input energy and does so in an environmentally friendly manner. Hydrogen is one of the most abundant elements found on earth, yet it must be separated into its pure form, H2, before being used as a fuel. The problem is, with current methods pure hydrogen â€Å"is just too expensive and time-consuming to produce† [2]. Current methods often require more energy from other sources like natural gas or coal burning electric plants to extract the hydrogen, than the hydrogen can actually produce itself.So in turn, hydrogen fuel which has been looked at to solve pollution problems, has in the past caused just as much pollution to produce, and defeated its own purpose. That is where this new technology can completely change everything. To liberate the hy drogen, â€Å"Virginia Tech scientists separated a number of enzymes from their native microorganisms to create a customized enzyme cocktail that does not occur in nature† [1]. This enzyme cocktail releases the pure hydrogen from plant sources quickly, cheaply, and with little outside energy to do so.These enzymes yield pure hydrogen from biomaterial at much higher quantities than previously possible. The hydrogen that is produced can be directly utilized by proton exchange membrane fuel cells. Possible Advantages: This advancement in technology reveals to us a multitude of possibilities and advantages. One of the easiest advantages to see has already been stated above. Hydrogen is massively abundant on earth, is renewable, and produces no harmful emissions when used as an energy source. Its number one emission is heat and clean water!If used, hydrogen would lower our pollution output immensely, and would take us off the dependence of fossil fuels. Taking our dependence off o f oil is the number one reason why so much money has been funneled into hydrogen research. America uses â€Å"one quarter† of all the oil produced in the world, yet we only account for â€Å"4. 6% of the world population† [5]. Imagine if we were able to make all vehicles hydrogen powered and the dramatic cut this would make to our green house gas emissions. That global warming doomsday clock we’ve all been so infatuated with would slow dramatically.Hydrogen is a â€Å"very efficient fuel source† compared to â€Å"traditional sources of energy and produces more energy per pound of fuel†. In fact, hydrogen  Ã¢â‚¬Å"is three times as powerful as gasoline and similar fossil fuels† [2], so in turn less is more. Switching to hydrogen fuel would mean â€Å"that we had to depend a lot less on foreign oil sources, lessening the need for international importation of fuel† [4] . All the stated above simply tells the physical advantages of hydrog en over current fossil fuels, but, bringing about this change could have economic and social possibilities as well.This discovery could bring about the last piece to the puzzle in developing a whole new line of fuel efficient, environmentally clean cars. Honda has already produced a hydrogen fuel cell concept car they claim is â€Å"overall 64% energy efficient†. To put this into perspective in the average gasoline combustion engine â€Å"only about 20 percent of the thermal-energy content of the gasoline is converted into mechanical work†, making it 20% energy efficient [5]. This new line of cars could bring about jobs in the automotive industry and all industries that branch from it.As of right now the commercial market for hydrogen gas produced from the use of fossil fuels is at about $100 billion. A majority of this hydrogen goes into producing fertilizers and petrochemicals [1]. All it would take is an inexpensive source of green hydrogen, such as the one recently discovered, to completely change this industry. Overall hydrogen has the ability to bring about jobs and continued advancements in every market and industry touched by it. This could be just about every industry when considering how important transportation and shipping are to the economy; hydrogen would give them an inexpensive fuel for transport.Hydrogen fuel could do this all the while solving our most important problem of finding a renewable energy source. Potential Drawbacks: Even though hydrogen as a fuel seems to answer every problem we want it to; it also has setbacks. Although we have the technology now to bring us an endless supply of hydrogen fuel we do not have the storage or infrastructure capabilities for it. â€Å"Hydrogen is highly volatile. Special tanks have to be used to hold it and specially-pressurized pumps have to be used to convey it† [3].And once more, these special tanks and pumps must be outfitted to work on vehicles as well. It would be at much co st to the government and in turn the taxpayer to quickly build and put in place the pipe lines, storage tanks, filling stations, and other vices needed to use hydrogen. Most people consider it â€Å"insane to even suggest that current fuel sources be replaced when what is already in place is working so well† [2]. In its pure, usable, gas form hydrogen is very explosive and the ramifications of putting it as our main source of fuel must be weighed out.If not properly handled many people could lose their lives to it. Legislators will have to â€Å"create new processes for first responders to follow when they must handle an incident involving a fuel cell vehicle or generator. Engineers will have to design safe, reliable hydrogen delivery systems† [5]. In time hydrogen as a fuel may bring lowered costs to the consumer for transportaion fuels, power, and other chemicals, but seems that at first it will only bring higher costs. This will only make weaning us off fossil fuels more difficult.People will not buy hydrogen technology until it is competitively priced, but competitive pricing seems still quite a bit away. As of now the cost of a hydrogen fuel cell is very expensive because of its many components, some of which contain precious metals like platinum. â€Å"In order to be competitively priced (compared to gasoline-powered vehicles), fuel cell systems must cost $35 per kilowatt. Currently, the projected high-volume production price is $73 per kilowatt. † [5]. Should it be used?In the case of this technology I think a utilitarian approach is key; more specifically an act-utilitarian approach. Act-utilitarian, in such that hydrogen fuel technology should be utilized in all areas available only if this action would maximize the good in the end. In my opinion the benefits outweigh the disadvantages/dangers when applying hydrogen fuel in a universally correct manner, and would maximize the end good for all humanity. So, I feel that full investm ent into the use of hydrogen would be the correct line of action.This gives us the opportunity to act as engineers correctly under our code of ethics meeting several criteria: â€Å"using our knowledge and skill for the enhancement of human welfare and the environment†, and complying â€Å"with the principles of sustainable development  in the performance of professional duties† [6]. Of course, as with every emerging technology there are failures and drawbacks. But, when these technologies are used correctly they have the ability to completely revolutionize how we do things for the better. Sometime, as in this case, the short term drawbacks caused to a few must be over looked for more the betterment of the masses.Hydrogen fuel would answer problems that we have deemed most important for our future; green renewable energy and lowering our effect on the environment by pollution. The consequences of using hydrogen in the long run must be considered, and the temporary di sadvantages such as costs and dangers must be ignored . Not every person can be pleased right away. These minor problems can be dealt with eventually. But, in the long run the benefits will continue to grow on themselves. The development of this technology must be continued until it has become common place as much as gas and other fuels are to us now.With the problem of fossil fuels and their negative consequences out of the way, we as a human race are able to tackle our next great challenge. Works Cited [1] Virginia Tech. â€Å"Breakthrough in hydrogen fuel production could revolutionize alternative energy market. †Ã‚  ScienceDaily, 3 Apr. 2013. Web. 3 Apr. 2013. [2]â€Å"What is Hydrogen Energy†. Conserve Energy Future. Np. Nd. Web. 3 April 2013. [3] Leslie. Kim, â€Å"The Disadvantages of Hydrogen Fuel†.

Spleen In North India Health And Social Care Essay

Spleen is a reticulo-endothelial and lymphoid organ and sometimes works as hematopoietic organ. Otherwise this organ is cemetery of RBCs. Spleen is enlarged in assorted clinical upsets e.g. infection, metamorphosis or storage upset and haematological abnormalities1,2. Spleen is ne'er tangible boulder clay it is enlarged two-three times of its ain size3. There are many manners of probe to place the hypertrophied spleen e.g.-plane radiogram, echography, computed imaging, MRI and radionuclide scan. Out of these modes echography and computed imaging are most dependable for intra-abdominal organs4. Assorted surveies were done by echography to analyze the additive dimension of spleen-length, breadth, and thickness. But CT-based additive dimension are still unavailable. Unfortunately, dimensions determined by 2-D USG are limited preponderantly by the variable, irragular contour of lien but besides by the trouble in wholly scanning the full organ or visualising complete contours as a consequ ence of the presence of overlying constructions such as bone, intestine gas or kidney5. CT imagination is more accurate than echography because this drawback doesnot occur with computed tomography6, 7, 8. CT scans of 126 patients ( 72 male and 54 female ) were used to mensurate the volume of lien. The age of patients ranged from 20 to 70 years ( 50.33Â ±18.9yrs ) ( Table-I ) . The information was collected from December 2006 to April 2007 with permission of Department of Radio-diagnosis, KGMU Lucknow and informed consent taken from each patient. CT scans were obtained for assorted clinical indicants and followup of abdominal injury, abdominal hurting and to except an abdominal mass or adenopathy. The patient ‘s organic structure weight and tallness at or near the clip of the CT scrutiny were recorded. Spleen axial and transverse sectional image were obtained a CT Helical instrument. The proficient parametric quantities were 120 kv potency, 120 ma current, 10mm piece breadth with indistinguishable Reconstruction index and a rotary motion clip of 1.5 secs. The medical records of all patients were reviewed. Patients whose liens appeared unnatural on CT scans were excluded. Additio nally, any patients who had clinical, biochemical or imaging grounds of conditions that could impact the size of the lien, haematological upsets, abdominal malignances, infection and portal high blood pressure, splenetic injury, cyst, and auto-immune diseases were excluded from the survey. CT-scan dicom images of each patient were opened in Able-3D-doctor package. Spleen is identified in each cross subdivision and longitudinal subdivision of CT-scan images. The length of lien recorded in longitudinal subdivision along 10th rib in cephalo-caudal way ( figure-1 ) . Width of lien besides recorded in longitudinal way ( figure-2 ) but thickness measured in cross-section image ( figure 3 ) . All dimensions were recorded maximal appreciated in subdivisions for better truth. All statistics were generated by SPSS version 10.The pupil T-test was used for comparing of agencies. P & A ; lt ; 0.05 was considered important for comparing of agencies and for arrested development analysis. Association between splenetic dimensions and physical criterions of patients was assessed with the Pearson correlativity coefficient ; to place the exact form of relationship, non-linear arrested development every bit good as additive arrested development was applied. Multiple arrested development analysis was applied in backward stepwise manner to prove the independent consequence of all physical criterions on splenetic parametric quantities. Frank et Al used conventional echography to measure 793 healthy patients ( 17-82yrs. ) and found that 95 % of patients had splenetic length & A ; lt ; 11cm, breadth & A ; lt ; 7cm and thickness & A ; lt ; 5cm9. Niederau et al studied 915 healthy topics utilizing echography and found that average longitudinal and cross diameter of lien to be 5.8Â ±1.8 centimeter and 5.5Â ±1.4 centimeter severally. These dimensions were much smaller than other surveies because writer did non mensurate maximal dimension10. Picardi et Al. found average longitudinal dimension of spleen ranged from 8 to 11 centimeter ( average: 9.5 centimeter ) 11. Mittal et Al. performed pilot survey of normal measuring of spleen by echography on Rajasthani population and found mean length of spleen 9.40Â ±0.91 centimeter in males and 9.34Â ±0.95 centimeter in females12. In older topics they found average length of spleen 9.64Â ±0.64 centimeter. Spielmann et Al, mean length of lien was found to be 11.4Â ±1.7 centime ter in males and 10.3Â ±1.3 centimeter in females13. Konus et Al. found average longitudinal dimension: 10.1Â ±1.03 cm13. In our survey intend splenetic length in North Indian population was 10.67Â ±1.62 centimeter ( female: 10.34Â ±1.58 and male 10.91Â ±1.67 centimeter, P & A ; gt ; 0.05 ) 14. Mittal et Al. measured mean breadth of lien in male every bit good as female 3.45Â ±0.59 centimeter and 3.59Â ±0.55 centimeter. Average breadth of lien measured by Spielmann was 5.0Â ±0.8 in males and 4.2Â ±0.7 centimeter in females. In our survey average breadth of spleen 8.61Â ±1.58 centimeter ( male: 9.74Â ±1.62 centimeter and female 9.26Â ±1.66 centimeter, P & A ; gt ; 0.05 ) and average thickness of spleen 4.86Â ±1.22cm ( female: 4.70Â ±1.19 centimeter and male: 4.97Â ±1.29 centimeter, P & A ; gt ; 0.05 ) .These all dimension of spleen best correlated with tallness of the patients ( scatter plot-1.1, 1.2, 1.3 ) . Age of individual had important negative correlativity with cephalo-caudal length of spleen but rest of splenetic dimension did non hold important correlativity with age ( scatter plot-1.4, 1.5, 1.6 ) .

The Great Gatsby review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Great Gatsby review - Essay Example This is apparently illustrated by Nick who relocates to New York in search of a better future. At the end of the film, Gatsby exclaims to Nick that he was born penniless. Gatsby was a millionaire who was renowned in the neighbourhood, and this goes to show that success is possible for anyone as provided for by the second tenant of the American Dream. The two final tenets of the ideals of the American Dream are not well depicted in the film. Success is attained through hard work is the third principle. It is not clear to establish what Gatsby did to amass such wealth but there is an instance where Tom accuses him of bootlegging alcohol and conducting other illegal deeds. If in deed this is the reason why Gatsby was wealthy, the third principle does not apply in this case. The same can be said about the fourth tenet that asserts that success is associated with virtue. The hint of involvement in illegal practices may invalidate this tenet in the case of Gatsby and also he plans to take Daisy away from

Final Exam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 7

Final Exam - Essay Example Though some of these values evolve to embrace the changing times and others may interpret it differently under different situation but the universal acceptance of what is right and what is wrong has given them a strong foothold to withstand the adversities of the time. Barring serious acts of omission and commission, it is increasingly becoming difficult for a person to maintain a high level of personal integrity as very often the personal values clash with the organization’s objectives and organization’s target based results. The application of ‘Ethical Business Leader’s Decision Tree’ helps to evaluate the ethical and legal dilemma of the issue at hand. In the contemporary time, the tree helps to evaluate the actions and performance outcome of the business decisions so as to ensure that the companies and business enterprises conform to the wider interests of their various stakeholders. The tree also promotes a sense of corporate social responsibility and relates the ‘standards imposed by law with those mandated as a matter of ethics’ (Ethics, Value Creation and Risk Management). As per the decision tree, the restaurant is bound to safeguard the interests of its customers by providing them with safe and edible food items. The contaminated sausages pose a threat to the well being of the customers and therefore, not only the whole shipment of the contaminated sausages be withdrawn, the seven customers who had fallen sick after eating those sausages, should also be appropriately compensated. The law also makes disclosure necessary under the ‘prevention of deceptive practices’ and Jerry and his partner must disclose that the contaminated sausages have been withdrawn from the restaurant menu. The decision tree has huge implications for all types of actions and business decisions for all stakeholders. The anxiety of George, business partner of Jerry, is also genuine because they have put a huge amount of money into

International finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 4

International finance - Essay Example On the other hand, appreciation of the domestic currency refers to increase in exchange rate brought about by forces of the market in the price of domestic currency in terms of a foreign currency. The need for foreign country’s currency in order to buy goods denominated in a foreign currency is reflected by demand for the foreign currency. In most cases, the selling country denominates its goods and services in terms of domestic currency hence importers from other countries will feel the need for the foreign currency in order to conduct the financial transaction. Foreign currency is supplied into the country when foreign currency is sold in order to carry out financial transactions that are denominated in home currency. It is the demand for and supply of a currency which yields an equilibrium position in the foreign exchange market. The equilibrium point being the point where there is an intersection between the upward sloping supply curve and the downward sloping demand curve (Koller, Goedhart and Wessels, 2010). A low value of foreign currency makes the demand for foreign currency on the foreign exchange market to increase whereas the demand for foreign goods increase due to its relatively cheaper price than domestic goods. On the other hand, a high value of foreign currency makes the demand for foreign currency on the foreign exchange market to decrease whereas the demand for foreign goods increase due to its relatively higher price than domestic goods (Needles, Powers and Crosson, 2010). Therefore, the question that arises is the cause of exchange rate revaluation and whether the depreciation or appreciation of an exchange rate can be predicted. This paper will rightly answer this questions by using a thorough discussion on the determination of exchange rate using the flexible price monetary model. The discussion will further explore the ability or inability of the model to explain the observed movements in foreign

Public resource management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Public resource management - Essay Example The Council plays a strategic role which is beyond the constricted confines of acting merely as providers of social housing. The Westminster Council Management has on the other hand, continually recognized the importance of local authority by getting involved in an outward looking approach and being part of the broader roles that range from social to economic perspectives (Hyman, 2010). The Westminster Council has at all times acted in various capacities as a facilitator, co-coordinator and as a financial source and delegate in acquiring the needed service from other stakeholders. In particular, the Planning and Housing Departments have worked well together by using their powers, part of which includes compulsory purchase aimed at attaining the match needed effort of reduced housing shortage outcomes. Beyond service delivery, Westminster is the centre of national government. This is reflected in the number of workers in the public sector, in the city. Tourism activities and entertain ment related industries have been identified as potential employers. To this extent, serving as the economy’s driver, considering that Westminster is well known for its ever growing sector in the West End region. Market forces that are experienced globally have an impact on valuation, and availability of accommodation and this is well replicated in this city. This can be viewed in the way government regulations set to control council practices. To a large extent, they have been instrumental as they have worked beyond management of the Westminster Council as well as adopted policies of the Greater London Authority in determining the desired quality of affordable housing. Decisions made by the private sector landlords and investors can be influenced by limited extent by the local authority itself in seeking solutions to housing ills. It therefore, remains clear for the commission to direct its recommendations to these other targets within the Great London but in particular focu s on Westminster City Council (Palmer, Kenway and Wilcox, 2006). Background Information Westminster was incorporated in 1911. The city’s progressive council is recognized for excellent performance in management and full delivery of services to businesses and the neighboring community. All this is achieved without additional help from either districts or taxing authorities (Hyman, 2010). The report explores layers of complexity that undermine the good intentions in solving housing problems. Apart form handling housing issues, Westminster Council is responsible in providing parking space, recreational venues, and library and water services to the residents aw well as waste collection services and security to the city dwellers. Budget Development Objectives Westminster, as any other organization, has its own consideration that has been behind repeated success and growth of the council. This has been an influential means of raising the council’s operational efficiency in t he previous years. However, it is vital to realize that not any of the recognized ideas can be accomplished if there are no clear financial limitations built in the budgeting process from the beginning. In formulating a realistic budget, Westminster’s strategies are often based on four major dimensions. These are: The council management, planners and interested stakeholders have to identify

Rational Choice Theory.What is rational in rational choice theory Essay

Rational Choice Theory.What is rational in rational choice theory - Essay Example The factors which derive the utility vary from individual to individual. Rational Choice theory is derived from the theoretical approach of Microeconomics. The rationalizing factor can also be called as the factor which can maximize the happiness or the satisfaction level which an individual derives after consumption. The study of this theory can also be used to determine the long term and the short term results that could be derived from the utilization or the consumption of the product (Archer and Tritter, 2000). This report will be structured to analyze the Rational Choice Theory. The complete theory will be analyzed and discussed relating to the impact of rationality on the choices which the consumers make. The theory and the concept of rationality will be critically analyzed to conclude the relevance and the application of the Rational Choice Theory. The Rational Choice Theory framework studies the societal and the economic factors of a society which determines the level of util ity which the individual determines. Both the factors mentioned are pivotal in determining the level of utility which the individuals derive. The word rationality and the postulates of the Rational Choice Theory differ from each other. Rationality is defined as the sane behavior of the individual to derive maximum utility from the product that is consumed. Rationality differs from Rational Choice Theory because the act of balancing the cost and the advantage that the consumer derives from the use of that product is counted as rational even if the decision made is inappropriate (Zafirovski, 2001). Rationality classifies the decision which is considered to be sane by the complete society but the Rational Choice Theory classifies the utility on the basis of satisfaction derived by the individuals irrespective whether the decision is right or wrong. This factor has been contradicted and debated by most. This report will highlight the importance of understanding the concept of the theory to reach to a conclusion. For this the theory will be critically assessed and commented (Zafirovski, 2001). RATIONAL CHOICE THEORY AND ITS EMPHASIS The emphasis of the Rational Choice Theory is to gain maximum understanding of the human behavior. The postulates that have been proposed in the theory are very vital for deriving the concepts of economics. The use of this theory is not limited only to economics but its application can be prominently admired in disciplines like sociology, political sciences etc. where human behavior plays a very vital role. By studying the behavior of the individuals the choices which they make and their preferences for particular products can be studied (Brinton and Nee, 2001). Assumptions of Rational Choice Theory To summarize the Rational Choice Theory it can be said that the individuals try their level best to make the best buying decisions which they can under the circumstances which they are facing. The assumptions for the application of the theor y are (Carling, 1991): 1. The human behavior and their action are destined for a purpose. The decision of the individual is to sight a goal that is to be achieved. 2. The decisions which the individuals make are prioritized. These set of priorities vary from individual to individual. 3. The decisions made by the individuals are on the basis of rationality. The level of preference of the products varies from individual to individual. This variation is subject to the factors like the utility derived from the consumption of the product, the cost variation of the alternates that are available, the option that is selected is considered to be the best way of maximizing the utility. 4. Social involvements of the individuals

Value Added Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 3

Value Added - Essay Example The unit profit is arrived at by calculating the difference between the production cost and the sale price. In order to determine the total value added is obtained by adding all the value added figures of all the units. Essentially, the difference between revenue and outside purchases is equivalent to total value added. In terms of analysis, the figure obtained of value added offers a range of interpretations. For instance, integrated companies usually regard value added as a higher portion of revenue whereas companies that are less integrated consider it as a lower portion of revenue. Another method of approximating total value added is by combining total labor expense, operating profit, and depreciation expense in that order (Mowen, Hansen, & Heitger, 2012). According to standard procedure, the operating profit must come before depreciation expense. Labor expense includes such items as benefits, wages, and salaries. The figure of total labor expense is usually considered as a retur n to labor while the value of operating profit is generally considered as a return to capital. Capital comprises of items such as land, properties, and capital goods. Normally, it is considered important to follow the standard procedure when arriving at the different figures. Factors of production are usually considered in terms of value added when determining the figure of value added in macroeconomic calculations. Calculating value added in national accounts usually involves capital and labor (Mowen, Hansen, & Heitger, 2012). Alternative definitions usually consider value added as the extra features, which extend over standard expectations of a given product or a service. Such items do not involve the cost of the product. According to some theoretical approaches, value added is considered as the difference in the prices incurred by a company over a product and the price paid by a customer for the same customer. As such, arriving at the figure of value added is through the determin ation of the difference in the prices. The figure is obtained by subtracting the company’s cost from the customer’s cost and then adding the figure of services to the results. Theoretically, value added could be understood in terms of the different enhancements that a business puts on a particular product with the objective of increasing the value of the product (Mowen, Hansen, & Heitger, 2012). In this manner, value added is considered as a determination of the different qualities that are created on a given product or service. Value added can increase the price of a give product or its value. Generally, value added is considered as one of the ways in which a firm enhances the competitive advantage of its products or services. Other perspectives on value added describe it as an increase in the value of goods or services as they transit from one stage of production to another.  

Importance And Role Of Economic Information Essay

Importance And Role Of Economic Information - Essay Example This mutual understanding is for the reason that businesses do not require to end up in price wars among competitors that ultimately eludes the profitability of the businesses. Owing to the interdependence and resulting price stickiness characteristic of industry, the demand for the product turns elastic in case the price is increased as compared to industry participants. If the competitors will attempt to increase the price as compare to other participants and this will result in losing revenue as demand will switch to other competitors. While in case of lowering price customers show inelasticity as all industry participants reduced price taking all firm to competitive positions again. Even in case of a high increase in marginal cost, the considerably low impact has to be transferred to customers. Since profit is maximized at a point where marginal cost equals marginal revenue therefore as long as marginal cost cuts marginal revenue in vertical position price will remain at P. Furth er, in case MC cuts marginal revenue vertically the price is retained same and a benefit is not passed on the customer.Further, competition is supported in other aspects such as branding, services accuracy etc, ABB has developed a competitive advantage with fast delivery services supported by online operations as compared to competitors in certain areas in order to retain differentiation from competitors. Other competitors based on respective capacity compete on aspects such as quality or differentiated range of products offered.  ... Further, incase MC cuts marginal revenue vertically the price is retained same and benefit is not passed on the customer. Further, competition is supported in other aspects such as branding, services accuracy etc, ABB has developed competitive advantage with fast delivery services supported by online operations as compare to competitors in certain areas in order to retain differentiation from competitors. Other competitors based on respective capacity compete on aspects such as quality or differentiated range of products offered. All these factors ensure increasing barrier to entry for new entrants while retaining competition. Therefore, securing industry from competition authorities to charge participants with accusation of cartelization; practice that is followed in oligopoly. Hence, being abreast not only with respective business position economically ABB has to remain updated as well as linked with the strategies of competitors to retains the competitive business positions. IMPOR TANCE AND ROLE OF FINANCIAL INFORMATION Financial information and respective understanding forms the back bone of the business. Importance of financial information is not only critical for top management that are concerned for decision making with respect overall business goals but at the same time financial information is critical for every department (Brealey, Myers, Allen, & Mohanty, 2007). For instance, marketing department’s investment in the advertisement and sales campaign are concerned to fetch sales that add considerably to profitability. Similarly, HR department also evaluates performance of departments, respective employees and comparison of efficiency of company employees with other

Unit 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Unit 3 - Essay Example Age and can possibly provide an example for this relationship. As one ages, resistance to diseases decreases. This means that the increase in age negatively affect resistance to diseases. Correlation studies can take many forms. Let us consider non-experimental correlation studies and quasi-experimental studies. Non-experimental studies involve measuring things as the objects appear. In non-experimental studies, the methods used include observation, case history, and surveys. It is it is unethical to manipulate independent variables. Non-experimental values are used to provide solutions to problems and question existing realities. Lawrence Lisa (2011), conducted a non-experimental descriptive correlation study to examine the relationship amongst four variables, moral distress, education level, CRP and work ethics and how these variables affected nurses work engagement. The study found out that there was a positive direct relationship between CRP and work engagement and a negative correlation moral distress and work engagement. According to Ramos-Alvarez, Moreno Fernandez, Valdez Conroy, & Catena (2008), quasi experiments are evaluations that attempt to determine whether a program or intervention has an expected effect on the participants. Quasi experiments take different forms but usually lack aspects of true experiments. This is the reason quasi experiments are not ideal for dissertation work. In a true experiment, there must be pre-test and posttest design, treatment group, control group and random assignment. For quasi experiment, either one or two of these aspects are lacking. Raanas, Grindel & Herting (2012) conducted a quasi experiment study to examine the health advantages of a bedroom window observethe natural background for patients undergoing a rehabilitation program. The funding for this research was that a blocked view appeared to influence negative physical health changes in women. For men, blocked views

The Jewish Role in Bolshevik Revolution Essay Example for Free

The Jewish Role in Bolshevik Revolution Essay The vast territory of the Russian Empire at one time hosted the largest Jewish population. Within these territories, the Jewish communities flourished, and developed many new theologies and cultural traditions in spite of facing terrible persecutions (â€Å"History of Jews†). The Czars of Russia competed with each other in persecuting the Jews. The Jews were made scapegoats for all the economic and social problems of Russia. The Bolshevik revolution put an end to the Tsarist Regime. Jewish role in Bolshevik revolution is not a new theme. There is extensive literature in English, French, and German reflecting the argument that Bolshevik revolution is a Jewish conspiracy. (Sutton) Those who try to prove that the revolution was non-Russian indicate Jewish names in an attempt to remove from the Russian people the blame of the revolution of 1917.On the other hand the Jewish scholars argue that the Bolshevik leadership which pre-dominantly Jewish was not Jews in spirit.(Solzhenitsyn). However, by that logic, leading Russian Bolsheviks were also not Russian in spirit. Therefore, what exactly was the role of Jews in Bolshevik revolution? Can they be blamed for the revolution? Was there a Jewish conspiracy? What attracted them en masse toward the Bolshevik party? Let us start with the History of Jews in Russia. The History of Jews in Russia. Records exist from fourth century showing that Jews inhabited the cities of Armenia and that there were substantial Jewish settlements in Crimea. Under the influence of these Jews, the ruling class of Khazaria adapted Judaism. After the overthrow of the Khazarian Kingdom, the Jews fled to Crimea and Russian principality of Kiev. In the 11th and 12th century, the Jews appeared to have occupied a separate quarter in Kiev called the Jewish Town. At this time, Jews were also found in northeastern Russia (Hein).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Though Russia had few Jews, countries to its west were unleashing anti-Semitic pogroms. Expelled en masse from England, France, Spain, and persecuted in Germany, Jews migrated to friendly state of Polish controlled parts of Eastern Europe. The Polish ruler, Casimir III invited the Jews to settle there as a third estate, performing commercial and middleman services between the King and the Nobility. The Jews performed the function of tax collecting, money lending, estate management, and trade. After settling in Russia, they extended to Ukraine and Lithuania, which would later become part of the Russian Empire (â€Å"History of Jews†).   Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  In 14th Century, the Lithuanians granted more privileges to the Jews. From Lithuania, they migrated to portions of western Russia. Between 16th to 18th centuries, the Jews entered Russia either illegally or with the permission of Polish or Lithuanians, as they were involved in trade (Hein). Tsarist Russia.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     The Tsarist regime started the Jewish persecutions in Russia. Muscovite Russia became a very hostile environment for the Jewish people. The treatment of Jews was harsh in the reign of Ivan IV, The Terrible. For example, after his conquest of Polotsk some 300 Jews who refused to be converted to Christianity were drowned in Dvina. Jews were not tolerated in the area of Muscovy. From 1716, the policies of the Imperial Russian were openly anti-Semitic (â€Å"History of Jews†) The Pale of Settlement   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     In order to keep the Jews out of Russia, the Tsars established a Pale of Settlement, which included Poland and Crimea. The Jews were supposed to remain in the Pale. They needed special permission to move to Russia proper. Pogroms.   Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Pogroms were mob violence against the Jews. In Czarist Russia, the number of pogroms unleashed against the Jews was numerous that it is impossible to count them. These pogroms were often organized and incited (Spiro).The Czars organized the pogroms in order to divert the public attention from corruption and allow the masses to let off the steam. Jews were perfect scapegoats for economic problems of Russia. Problems of Russia had nothing to do with the Jews. The problems were total backwardness, highly corrupt and autocratic regime, and poverty. Whenever the public discontentment grew, the Czars organized a Pogrom to divert attention (Spiro).   Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  It is arguable which of the Russian Czars was the worst to the Jews(Spiro).Let us start with Nicholas I. Czar Nicholas I (1825-1855) sought to destroy all Jewish life in Russia. His period was a painful part of European Jewish history. He ordered the conscription of Jewish youth to the military from the age of 12 and they were forced to serve in the military for 25 years (Hein). The youngsters were kidnapped, never to be seen again. Some Jewish parents were so desperate that they would cut off the index finger of their sons in order to escape the conscription (Spiro). The Jews who were not taken into military were expelled from their towns and villages. He divided the Jews as â€Å"useful† and â€Å"not useful.† The wealthy merchants involved in trade were considered as useful and others as not useful. A law was instituted prohibiting Jews from wearing traditional dresses (Hein).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Alexander II (1855-1881) brought to end the harsh treatment of Jews. He implemented new policies for the assimilation of Jews. The Jews moved out of their settlements. Those having Russian secondary school education were given greater rights. This led to many Jews enrolling themselves in Russian schools .Emancipation of Jews began slowly. There was greater visibility of Jewish activities. This increased the anger of non-Jewish communities. The increased competition resulted in the formation of Jewish proletariat and a small Jewish upper class. Many Jews entered new professions (Hein)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  In 1881, Alexander II was assassinated and the situation for the Jews deteriorated. The Jews were blamed for the assassination. Thousands of Jewish homes were burned; large numbers of men, women, and children were killed. Families were reduced to a state of poverty (Hein).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     The new Czar Alexander III blamed the Jews for riots. He escalated anti-Semitism by depicting the Jews as ‘Christ killers’ and oppressors of Christians. He organized one pogrom after another to keep the anger of the masses focused on the Jews. He promulgated a series laws against the Jews. These Laws were called the May laws (Spiro). He passed restrictions in Jewish landownership and prohibited Jews from living in villages. The state enforced anti-Semitic policies with waves of pogroms, which spread through the villages. These were carried out with the tacit knowledge of the government and the police supporting it. Strict restrictions banned Jews from practicing many professions. The number of Jews studying in schools was curtailed. In 1886, an Edit of Expulsion was enforced on Jews of Kiev. Moscow was ‘cleansed’ of its Jews, except a handful who were deemed ‘useful’. Alexander justified these repressive practices with these words: â€Å"But we must never forget that the Jews have crucified our Master and have shed his precious blood† (â€Å"History of Jews†).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The persecutions resulted in many Jews emigrating to other countries. More than two million fled Russia. Vast majority emigrated to United States. Some of them turned to political activism and Zionism (Hein).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     When Nicholas II took over the situation deteriorated further. Pogroms become a government policy. During his tenure one of the most famous pogrom was organized in Kishinev, 1903.This pogrom received international attention. New York Times reported: It is impossible to account the amounts of goods destroyed in a few hours. The hurrahs of the rioting. The pitiful cries of the victims filled the air. Wherever a Jew was met, he was savagely beaten into insensibility. One Jew was dragged from a streetcar and beaten until the mob thought he was dead. The air was filled with feathers and torn bedding. Every Jewish household was broken into and the unfortunate Jews in their terror endeavored to hide in cellars and under roofs. The mob entered the synagogue, desecrated the biggest house of worship, and defiled the Scrolls of the Law. The conduct of the intelligent Christians was disgraceful. They made no attempt to check   Ã‚  Ã‚  the rioting. They simply walked around enjoying the frightful sport (qtd.in Spiro).   Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  From 1903-1907 the level of violence was unbelievable. There were 284 pogroms and casualties exceeded 50000 (Spiro).   Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Thus, the Jews who migrated to Russia with a hope of living in peace were driven to despair by the atrocities of the Tsarist regime. The Jewish community was devastated. People were looking for a way out. They joined the ranks of radical Russians in large numbers. The leaders of socialists, J.Martov and L.Trotsky were Jewish (Hein). The centuries of oppression led to the polarization of Jews and drove them to radicalism. They were desperate to make things better (Spiro). Socialism and Radicalism.   Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  The last 20 years of the czarist regime were a time of tension and renaissance for the Jews, especially within the younger circles. This awakening essentially stemmed from conscious resistance to, and rejection of, the oppressive regime, the degrading status of the Jew in the country, and the search for methods for change. One response to the oppressive policy of the czarist government was to join one of the trends of the Russian revolutionary movement. The radical Jewish youth joined clandestine organizations in the towns of Russia and abroad. Many Jews ranked among the leaders of the revolutionaries. The leaders of the Social Democrats included J. Martov and L. Trotsky, while Ch. Zhitlowski and G. A. Gershuni figured among the founders of the Socialist Revolutionary Party of Russia (Berdichev). With the growth of national consciousness in revolutionary circles at the close of the 19th century, a Jewish workers revolutionary movement was formed. Workers unions, which had been founded through the initiative of Jewish intellectuals, united and established the Bund in 1897. The Bund played an important role in the Russian revolutionary movement in the Pale of Settlement. It regarded itself as part of the all-Russian Social-Democratic Party but gradually came to insist upon certain national demands such as the right to cultural autonomy for the Jewish masses, recognition of Yiddish as the national language of the Jews, the establishment of schools in this language, and the development of the press and literature. The Bund was particularly successful in Lithuania and Poland, where after a short time it raised the social status of the worker and the apprentice, and implanted in them the courage to stand up to their employers and the authorities.(Berdichev) The misery of common people.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     The underlining cause of Russian revolution is deep rooted in the history. For centuries, autocratic and repressive czarist regime ruled the country, while majority of population lived in utter poverty, economically and socially backward (â€Å"Russia 1917-1941†).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     In 1900, approximately 110 million people lived in Russia, 97 million of which were peasants and three million were industrial workers. Russia was socially and economically backward as compared to other countries like USA, Great Britain, and France. Large majority of Russians were peasants, who lived on the dependency of soil and aristocracy. The peasantry was growing rapidly and there was great demand for land, which was in the hands of aristocracy (â€Å"Russia 1917-1941†).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Nicholas II ruled with an iron hand. The powerful sections of the society: the aristocrats, the Church, the Bureaucracy, the police and the Russian army maintained their traditional loyalty towards the Monarch. Each of these powerful elites was interested in maintaining their status and welfare. The Government was inefficient. The Tsar, Nicholas II insisted on reading every degree, which delayed the administrative decision for months. The army had been recently defeated in the war against Japan and police was chaotic. The economy was backward. The peasants were driven to misery and the food production was low. In places where industry was developing, the living conditions were so awful that the workers were angry and rebellious (â€Å"Russia 1917-1941†).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The First World War increased the existing discontentment. The war took men from the fields to the front. Railway system was clogged up so the people starved in towns. Prices rose and there was famine in 1916-1917.The Tsar took up the command over the military and the day today running of Russia was left in the hands of Tsarina who was very unpopular. The Tsarina was a German; she was overly influenced by a holy man, Rasputin. The aristocrats felt humiliated and the Church was scandalized. The Russian people lost confidence in the Romanovs (â€Å"Russia 1917-1941†).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     In February, there was a general uprising. This was primarily over the lack of food and the way the war was fought. It was a spontaneous uprising. Women queuing for food joined the industrial workers sparked of the revolution. The soldiers who were sent to control the agitators joined the revolution. Tsar was forced to abdicate and a   provisional government was formed (â€Å"Russia 1917-1941†).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     The Provisional government was made up of middle class politicians. They were not revolutionaries. They did not give land to the peasant and continued with war. They failed to bring in more foods into the towns. These two aspects created unrest among the public.   Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  In April 1917, Lenin returned to Russia and promised people, Peace, Bread, and Land. This was what they wanted to hear. The Bolsheviks had catchy slogans like ‘All power to the Soviets’. By September 1917, 2 million people had joined the Bolsheviks (â€Å"Russia 1917-1941†).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The problems faced by the common people prior to the Bolshevik revolution were Shortage of food supply due to famine and war. Ruled by an autocratic regime. Awful living conditions of industry workers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   These conditions were similar to that of alienated Jews. However, apart from these problems the Jews faced intense anti-Semitic policies. The fear of impending pogroms made the life Jewish community miserable. A sense of alienation was prevailed among the Jews. The Jewish role in Bolshevik revolution.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There were many opposition parties existing during the last days of Nicholas II. The Liberals, Socialists, and Communists. The liberals wanted to establish a parliament like that of England. This group succeeded in establishing a Duma .But the Duma had no influence over the Tsar. The Socialists wanted a peasant revolution. The Communist wanted a working class revolution. The Communists were split among themselves, the Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks. Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov or Lenin led the Bolsheviks (Russia 1917-1945).   Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Many members of the Bolshevik were ethnically Jews especially in the leadership of the party. The rival party Mensheviks had higher Jewish representation. The idea of overthrowing the Tsarist regime was very attractive to the Jewish intelligentsia because of the centuries of oppression and suffering the Jewish community had undergone.   Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  The role played by Jews especially, the Jewish intelligentsia can be inferred by analyzing the leadership of Bolsheviks. Virtually all of the important Bolshevik leaders were Jews: they included the father of the revolution, Leon Trotsky (whose real name was Lev Bronstein: in an attempt to hide his Jewish ness, he adopted the name Trotsky); Lev Kamenev, the early Bolshevik leader who later went on to become a leading member of the Politburo, was born with the surname Rosenfeld; Grigori Zinoviev, head of the Petrograd Soviet, was born with the surname Apfelbaum; and many other famous Communists of the time, such as Karl Radek, Lazar Kaganovich; and Moses Urtisky, (the head of the Cheka) who all changed their names for reasons similar to that of Trotsky(â€Å"Suppressed Link†). Leo Trotsky was the brain behind the Bolshevik revolution. Trotsky was to lead the revolution and unquestionably, without him it would not have happened. Trotsky arrived in Russia with a large number of international communists in order to carry out the revolution.   Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Two weeks prior to the October revolution, Lenin convened the Bolshevik party. The central committee took the decision to seize power by violent struggle. This committee consisted of predominantly Jews. There were four Russians, one Georgian (Stalin), one Pole and Six Jews. To monitor the take over, a committee was formed with majority Jewish. Trotsky was the chairperson of â€Å"Military Revolutionary Committee† which was to carry out the actual seizer of power. Therefore, all the committees set by the predominantly Jewish Bolshevik party had majority of Jews in them (Weber). The Bolshevik revolution is described by an American Jewish community paper as largely a product of Jewish thinking and Jewish discontent (Weber). Winston Churchill stated in an article published in February 8, 1920:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚   â€Å"There is no need to exaggerate the part played in the creation of Bolshevism and in the actual bringing about of the Russian Revolution by these international and for the most part atheistically Jews. It is certainly a very great one; it probably outweighs all others. With the notable exception of Lenin, the majority of the leading figures are Jews. Moreover, the principal inspiration and driving power comes from the Jewish leaders† (Weber). David R.Francis, United States ambassador in Russia wrote in a dispatch:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The Bolshevik leaders here, most of whom are Jews and 90 percent of whom are returned exiles, care little for Russia or any other country but are internationalists and they are trying to start a worldwide social revolution†(Weber). A Us military officer, captain Montgomery Schulyer sent two telegrams to Washington in March and June 1919 emphatically states the role of Jews in Bolshevik revolution. The first report said:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"It is probably unwise to say this loudly in the United States but the Bolshevik movement is and has been since its beginning, guided and controlled by Russian Jews of the greasiest type†(â€Å"Jews and Communism†). The second report said of the,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"384 commissars there were 2 Negroes, 13 Russians, 15 Chinamen, 22 Armenians, and more than 300 Jews. Of the latter number 264 had come to Russia from the United States since the downfall of the Imperial Government† (â€Å"Jews and Communism†). Post revolution.   Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Although the Jews were less than five percentage of country’s total population, they played a decisive role in infant Bolshevik regime. With an exception of Lenin, Leon Trotsky headed the red army, Yakov Sverdlov was the head of the Soviet government, and Grigori Zinoviev headed the communist international. They were many other prominent Jews in the initial Bolshevik government. Lenin was a thorough internationalist. He viewed his own fellow citizens with contempt (Weber) He considered nationalism as opposed to internationalism.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In March 1919, Lenin delivered a speech on anti-Jewish pogroms. According to Lenin anti-Semitism was an attempt to divert workers hatred from the oppressors towards the Jews. It was a political trick employed by the Tsar to divert popular anger towards a scapegoat (Weber)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  A small group of Bolsheviks having come to power needed bureaucracy to run the government. The Bolsheviks revolution was possible because of the large presence of Jewish intelligentsia. Therefore, the Bolsheviks called upon the Jews to take up bureaucratic work of the Soviet apparatus. Many Jews responded this call. Men of Jewish origin dominated Lenin’s first politburo. Majority of Jews who were non-revolutionary and apolitical joined the Bolsheviks. In order to encourage the Jews to join the Bureaucracy, the Bolsheviks organized a Jewish division of nationalities commissariat. The Bolsheviks rejected anti-Semitism and loosened civil restrictions on the Jews (Solzhenitsyn).   Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  The Jews were predominant in all organs of the Bolshevik government. The central committee of the Bolshevik party had 41 Jews out of 62 members. The secret police had 23 out of 36, the Council of People’s Commissars (the Soviet Government) had 17 Jews out of 21.Out of 556 important functionaries of the Bolshevik state 457 were Jews (Weber). The Russian civil war.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Russia was thrust into a civil war from 1917 to 19121, between the Bolsheviks (Red army) and the anti-Bolsheviks (white army).Anti-Semitism spread widely. The white army targeted the Jews, killing huge numbers. The Red army clamped down on anti-Semitic attacks. This created sympathy for the Red army among the Jews. Jewish youth joined the Red army in huge number. The white army was filled with anti-Semitism. Their slogan was â€Å"Kill the Jews and save Russia.† Finally, white army was defeated and the civil war ended (â€Å"Russia 1917-1945†).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Jews retained their leading roles in Soviet society until growing anti-Semitism within the Communist Party itself led to a change in policy. Trotsky was the first major Jewish casualty: he split with Stalin over the issue of international socialism. A Stalinist agent in Mexico City assassinated him in 1940 (â€Å"Suppressed Link†)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Stalin started removing all important Jews from the Soviet Communist Party. He saw Zionism, the Jewish nationalism contrary to an international socialist brotherhood. Zionism was forbidden and Zionist organization was targeted for persecutions. Secular Jews were put in charge in order to spread hatred towards Jewish religion. Jewish communities were dissolved and their properties confusicated.Traditional institutes of Jewish culture and education were closed down. Those Jews who were not Zionist were left alone and achieved prominent places within the post -Stalin Soviet (â€Å"Suppressed link†). However, Stalin maintained policy of Lenin towards anti-Semitism. In a letter dated January 12, 1931, he declared his official position:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"Anti-Semitism is of advantage to the exploiters as a lightning conductor that deflects the blows aimed by the working people at capitalism. Anti-Semitism is dangerous for the working people as being a false path that leads them off the right road and lands them in the jungle†(qtd.in â€Å"History of Jews†). He declared anti-Semitism as a crime, which deserves death penalty. Despite the official Soviet opposition to anti-Semitism, critics of USSR view it as an anti-Semitic regime. The Soviet hostility towards Jewish religion, the huge casualties during the Great Purge, the non-aggressive pact with the Nazi appear to be anti-Semitic. However, this hostility was applied to all religions and ethnic group. This reveals the fact that Bolshevism has no connection with Judaism. The Soviet Union did grant official equality of all citizens regardless of sex, race, religion and nationality.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Many thousands of Jews however left Soviet Union with most settling in Israel and United States. The Jewish Intelligentsia and Bolshevism: The Socialist ideals were being formed in the Hebrew literature as early as 1820.In a monthly journal ‘visions of a mad man’ the early socialist Moris vinchevsky writes,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"Go and tell them that all people are brothers, that in nature there are no great and no little people, lords and slaves, rich and poor, that there is not a person in the world who could say, ‘I have the right to use the fruits of your work, the labors of other people’s hands’† (qtd.in Horowitz).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   For members of the assimilated Jewish intelligentsia, participating in the socialist movement was often a method of social integration. The ideology, which stressed strong class divisions rather than ethnic ones, helped them avoid the identity problems associated with assimilation and discrimination. All socialist organizations had Jewish members (â€Å"Socialism and Jews†).The concept of international brotherhood as against nationalism attracted the Jewish intelligentsia   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   At the close of the 19th century, the Jewish proletariat increased and numbered some 600,000. Approximately half of them were apprentices and workers employed by craftsmen, about 100,000 were salesmen, about 70,000 were factory workers, and the remainder daily workers, porters, and domestics. The desire of this proletariat to improve its material and social status, and its contacts with the revolutionary Jewish intelligentsia during the generation, which preceded the 1917 Revolution, became an important factor in the lives of the Jews of Russia (â€Å"Socialism and Jews†).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Bolsheviks believed in organizing the party in a strongly centralized hierarchy that sought to overthrow the Tsar and achieve power. Although the Bolsheviks were not completely monolithic, they were characterized by a rigid adherence to the leadership of the central committee, based on the notion of democratic centralism. The Bolsheviks took an internationalist stance that emphasized solidarity between the workers of Russia, Germany, and the rest of the world. The philosophy of Bolsheviks was based on Marxism. Lenin was guided by a spirit of internationalism. According to him nationalism did not exist and must not exist, and that the question of nationalism divided revolutionary from reactionary socialism (â€Å"Bolsheviks†) Jewish Chronicle published in London stated,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"There is much in the fact of Bolshevism itself, in the fact that so many Jews are Bolshevists. The ideals of Bolshevism are consonant with many of the highest ideals of Judaism.† (qtd.in Weber).An American Bulletin carried the words of Rabbi S.Wise, â€Å"Some call it Marxism I call it Judaism† (qtd.in Weber)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The socialist philosophy of the Bolsheviks, which was based on Marxism appealed to the Jewish intelligentsia. The spirit of internationalism, solved the problem of nationalism in an alien land. The promise of bread and equality of the proletariat solved the problem of poverty. The stand taken by the Bolsheviks against anti-Semitism gave them the dream of security. Role of Western Jews.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Bolshevik revolution is seen by some as a Jewish conspiracy worldwide. However, this is not entirely true. In Britain the 300000 strong Jewish communities was a recent immigration from Russia. For the indigenous Anglo-Jewry, the fate of a fellow diaspora community could no longer be distant concern. The mass immigration brought the problem to their doorstep. For the immigration, Jews political interest in Russia was not a mere academic concern but it was mixed with sentimental attachment and close family ties. It was limited to relief work, philanthropy, and diplomacy. Relief funds were collected for people affected by pogroms. Lucien Wolf the defacto foreign secretary of Anglo-Jewry engaged in diplomatic activities with British government and at League of Nations (Khadish). However, there was no involvement by the British Jews in the Bolshevik revolution.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In United States, millionaire Jews extended financial support to Bolshevik revolution. A group of wealthy Jews and Jewish firms extended financial support to Trotsky. Jacob Henry Schiff, an investment banker was one of the main financiers. Jacob Schiff was a partner in Wall Street banking house of khuhn, Loeb and company. He was an active member in most Jewish charitable organizations and lobbied for the Jewish interest. He and other Jewish leaders successfully persuaded the federal Government to direct official remonstrance to Russia on behalf of human rights of Jews there. Leo Trotsky was given $20 million for the success of the revolution (Best). On March 1917, Trotsky left along with the communist revolutionaries Jacob Schiff and Paul Warburg helped him to reach Russia. Paul Warburg who was vice chairperson of Federal Reserve board handled large sums furnished by the Germans for Lenin and Trotsky. Rothchilds, the banking dynasty of Jewish origin, Olaf Aschberg, a Jewish banker, another Jewish financier Jovotovsky were some of the wealthy Jews who financed the Bolshevik Revolution(Rivera) Though, there was communication passing between the Jewish leaders in America, Germany, France and Britain, there is no hard empirical truth that western Jews conspired together for a Bolshevik revolution (Sutton). Conclusion.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Jewish hatred for Tsarist regime had a basis in objective conditions. Of the leading European powers, Imperial Russia was most anti-Jewish. What else can we expect from centuries of oppression and suffering? However understandable, and perhaps even defensible, Jewish hostility toward the imperial regime may have been, the remarkable Jewish role in the vastly more despotic Soviet regime is less easy to justify (Weber). Sonya Margolina, a Russian born Jewish writer calls it a â€Å"historical sin† She points to the role of Jewish communists in labor camps and the systematic destruction of churches by the Jewish communists (Weber). Neverthless,it cannot be concluded that Bolshevik revolution was Jewish consiparcy.The Jewish Bolshevik leaders like Trotsky had nothing in common with the people of Pale settlement. The Bolshevik Party had many Jews holding important posts. However, there were many Non-Jews holding important posts for example, Lunacharsky, Bukharin, Kirov, Beria, Molotov, â€Å"Iron Felix† Dzerzhinsky (founder of the KGB), Kalinin (First Soviet President), many others. Whatever their religious or ethnic background the Bolsheviks were essentially atheists who hated all religious and ethnic categories. When they came to power, the Bolsheviks burned down the synagogues and killed the Rabbis as much as they did it to the Christians (Spiro).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Original Bolsheviks received funds from bankers. Some of them were Jews and many of them non-Jews. The Germans who wanted to weaken Russia did the main funding (â€Å"Stanford University†).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the first days after October revolution made great effort to hunt down Jews for use in the state bueracracy.This is not out of the love they had for the Jews but for the abilities of   the Jews. They did the same to Latvians, Hungarians, and Chinese (Solzhenitsyn). Some anti-Semites pick up some prominent Bolsheviks and claim that they were Jews. Trotsky was a Jew.However,he was one of the early critics of Stalin and   his criticisms cost him his   life. There were many Jews in the leadership of Bolshevik party. As Aristotle says, â€Å"One swallow does not a summer make† (qtd.in Green), we cannot say all Jews in Russia were Bolsheviks.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   We can conclude, therefore, that it is wrong to blame a single ethnicity for the crime of few individuals. We cannot blame all Germans for the Holocaust. Similarly, we cannot blame that Georgians are responsible for the atrocities of Stalin. Guilt should be assigned individually not collectively. Bolshevik revolution was a class struggle and nothing to do with ethnicity and religion (Green).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Works Cited Best,Gary â€Å"Sciff ,Jacob Henry†The Online Handbook of Texas.6 June,2001.Texas State   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Historical Association.10 April,2007 http://www.tsha.utexas.edu/handbook/online//aricle/SS/fsc53.html   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   httpp://www.tsha.utexas.edu/handbook/online/articles/SS/fsc53.html   Ã¢â‚¬Å"Bolsheviks.†Wikipedia.2007 Answer.com 5April 2007.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.answers.com/topic/bolshevik â€Å"Communism and the Jews†. World Association of International studies.5 April 2005. Stanford   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   University, California.8 April 2007http://cgi.stanford.edu/group/wais/cgi-   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   bin/index.php?p=1082 Green,Richard.â€Å"The Bolshevik Canard†. The Holocaust History Project. July 2000.8 April 2007   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.holocaust-history.org/bolshevik-canard/ Hein, Avi. â€Å"The Jewish Virtual History Tour, Russia.†Jewish Virtual Library.2007.TheAmerican   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   IsraelcooperativeEnterprise.http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/russia.html Horowitz, Brian.Rev.ofâ€Å"Great Russian-Jewish Historians,†ed.Lokshin.A.V.C.Menorah Review      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   14 September 2005.5 April 2007. http://menorahreview.org.aspx?id=17 â€Å"History of Jews in Russia and Soviet Union†.AllExperts 2006.6 April 2007.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://en.allexperts.com/e/h/hi/history_of_the_jews_in_russia_and_the_soviet_union.htm â€Å"Jews and Communism†. March of the Titans.Ostra Publication. 1999. 6 April 2007   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.white-history.com/hwr61iii.htm Khadish, Sharman â€Å"Bolsheviks and British Jews† Frank Cass Publishers 1992 Rivera,David,â€Å"Final Warning: A history of the   New World order†Modernhistoryproject.org   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.modernhistoryproject.org/mhp/ArticleDisplay.php?Article=FinalWarning Russia 1905-1945.Redruth School.2006.7 April.2007   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.redruth.cornwall.sch.uk/content/departments/history/gcse/russia/Russia1905- htm â€Å"Russia 1917-41† Greenfield History Site 18 March 2007.5 April2007   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://johndclare.net/Basic Russia.htm â€Å"Socialism and Jews†. Information service.Diapositive. Adam Mickiewicz Institute 8 April2007   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.diapozytyw.pl/en/site/slownik_terminow/socjalizm_a_zydzi/ Solzhenitsyn, Alexander â€Å"Two Hundred years Together† ed.Mark Weber.2May 2003 Adelaide      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Institute   8.April 2007 http://www.adelaideinstitute.org/Dissenters/weber.htm Spiro, Ken .The Czars and The Jews.† Jewish History 23 December 2001 Aish.com.8 April2007   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.aish.com/literacy/jewishhistory/Crash_Course_in_Jewish_History_Part_57_-   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   _The_Czars_and_the_Jews.asp â€Å"Suppressed Link-Jews and Communism.† March of Titans.1999 Ostra Publication   6 April 2007   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.white-history.com/hwr61.htm Sutton, Antony. â€Å"Wall street and the Bolshevik Revolution.†Studies in Reformed Theology2001   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   April 2007. http://reformed-theology.org/html/books/bolshevik_revolution/index.html â€Å"The Jews and Bolshevism†. Jew Watch. 2000 Jew Watch Library.8 April2007.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.jewwatch.com/jew-genocide-USSRchristians-sexpeditionaryforces.html Weber, Mark. â€Å"The Jewish Role in Bolshevik Revolution and Russia’s Early Soviet Regime†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   5 April 2007 http://www.ihr.org/jhr/v14/v14n1p-4_Weber.html

Wardens Five Rings | Overview and Analysis

Wardens Five Rings | Overview and Analysis Wardens Five Rings theory is a model developed by Col. John Warden. It was first applied in a real war setting in the 1991 Gulf war incorporated in the Operational Thunder offensive strategy. It was the key theory that defined Operational Thunder strategy as it was known for American Air Power in defeating Iraq air force. The concept of the five ring model revolves around five major areas of interest that must be attacked and weekend sufficiently before enemy forces can be (Warden, 1995). The five various levels are like rings of areas of influence that revolve around the core area which is leadership. The areas of influence as defined in the model have various intrinsic importances from each other and present unique values for an enemy to attack. In this model the notion advanced is that a military incursion in an enemy environment should start outwards (Warden, 1995). The idea is to peel the various layers that revolve around the core which is the leadership until eventually the enemy is left vulnerable and captured. Once leadership is captured then the enemy has fallen and is captured. The Leadership at the centre of the model refers to the top organ of the enemy. The other areas are field military, infrastructure, population and system essentials. Field military force is the outer level that the enemy has put in place. It is the first level that must be overcome which is the enemy army. The second outer level is the civilian population of the enemy state; this too must be subdued and controlled. After population the target shifts to infrastructure that will derail efficient function of the enemy further. Second last level from the core is the system essential which refers to all the sectors that support and drive the overall enemy state such as economy (Warden, 1995). The five rings system theory is considered one of the most brilliant military theories advanced so far. Its importance is in its ability to inform a systematic approach that is coordinated to subdue an enemy. In this regard it can be used to compile a list of specific military target. Choice of important enemy targets are identified using a predefined framework and does not depend on speculation of the relative advantages presented by each (Warden, 1995). This is because by defining the levels of influence the associated sectors and areas can be clearly identified as well. And more importantly the military strategists are able to use a system formula to map out important enemy to targets (Warden, 1995). The Cuban missile crisis is a historical moment and one of those few instances that the five ring model could not be applied as tactical military strategy among the Russians or the Cubans. The nature in which Cuban missile crisis unfolded was bound to involve the United States forces and more than one country, both Russia and Cuba (Allison, Graham and Zelikow, 1999). The situation was even tense since both countries were contemplating use of nuclear weapons which was at the heart of the Cuban missile crisis. Indeed any way military offensive that would have involved Russian and United States would have been like the crash of the titans. The situation was triggered by the United States satellite evidence that Russia was actively deploying nuclear capability technology and installing it in Cuba backyard in secrecy (Allison et al, 1999). Earlier on United States had increased its military presence in Europe in what Russia could have interpreted to be a threat to its existence. However diplomacy and huge degree of restraining prevailed that averted the nuclear missile crisis at the time. What is clear though is that even The 5 ring model would not have been able to be applied at a military offensive where nuclear weapon was the choice of weapons. Indeed the military brains that had advance the systematic process presented in the 5 ring model had never contemplated even once the idea that nuclear missile would ever be used in modern world military solutions, despite the vast numbers of nuclear stockpiles that America and Russia have. This is because the five ring model subdivides any military offensive to five distinct stages (Allison et al, 1999). But its a fact that use of even a single nuclear missile in enough to subdue an enemy state beyond measure. Moreover, causing an impact across all the five levels of any country to be paralyzed. Indeed it is the reason why at the height of the crisis the United States omitted a preemptive attack on Cuba due to the remote chances that a single missile might survive the attack which then Cuba would certainly use on them. Besides all this, it would have meant that United States wage war against two hostile countries at the same time which would have limited their precision to respond. It is therefore unlikely that the 5 ring model would have been used in Cuban crisis. However in Vietnam War the five ring model could be applied to guide military offensive. In Vietnam War the United States was fighting in support of South Vietnam against North Vietnam. But the U.S was disadvantaged in a position of weakness due to the huge Northern Vietnamese army comparable to South Vietnamese army. In addition the South Vietnam communist allies were powerful and provided important military support to the offensive. The U.S therefore resorted to the 5 ring model against their military offensive in Vietnam which was instrumental in their success during the war Vietnam. The gulf war that occurred in the 1991 is another example where the 5 ring model was successfully used in subduing the Iraq forces and the subsequent victory in the region. Soon after Iraq invaded Kuwait the United Nations recommended military solution. This saw a coalition force put together which applied combination of firepower and ground troops that advanced in Iraq. This military advance targeted Iraq sectors that had significance value to the country which after their capture led to the ceasefire. Use of the 5 ring model approach in the war enabled the Iraq vital economic sector destruction through sustained firepower (Bard and Mitchell, 2009). Gulf war is one of the wars that saw a lot of allies; especially those affiliated to the U.S participate in the Iraq attack. In deciding to intervene for Kuwait the reasons for United States were vested in its own interest. One Kuwait was a major oil exporter to the U.S, therefore U.S feared that war would destabilize the region and cause scarcity of oil in the region. Secondly U.S had allies in the region specifically Saudi Arabia that now felt threatened by the expanding influence of Iraq which it felt that it needed to be curtailed. Lastly it was important that Iraq dont get to control a huge stake of the oil reserve in the region or indeed be a force of influence in the gulf peninsula, which would have happened had it occupied Kuwait. In the aftermath of the war the cost of the military offensive was mainly paid by the Saudi Arabia to a total of $40 billion of the total $60billion that the war had cost. There was minimal American causalities 295 deaths due to the range of coalition forces that participated. In summary the gulf war provided the United States forces with a military experience in the region and was a successful venture. That America continues to cash on presently in more than one way. References Allison, Graham and Zelikow, P (1999). Essence of Decision: Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis; New York: Longman Publishers. Bard, Mitchell. (2009). The Gulf War. Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved April 18, 2010, from http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/Gulf_War.html Blum, William. The Vietnam War and The United States Lessons. Retrieved April 18, 2010, from (1995) http://www.vietnam.ttu.edu/virtualarchive/html Warden, J., A. (1995). Air Theory for the 21st Century. Battlefield of the Future: 21st Century Warfare Issues. United States Air Force. Air and Space Power, 343. Retrieved April 18, 2010, from http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/battle/chp4.html Wayne Thiebauds Art Style | Essay Wayne Thiebauds Art Style | Essay Wayne Thiebaud is an artist that has been associated with the Pop Art culture and also was part of the realism that came out of the United States west coast. Thiebauds real life representation of his subject has been seen as one of many beginnings photorealism. Before becoming a painter, Thiebaud worked in New York City as a sign painter and also as a cartoonist. He only began to paint in 1949, incorporating skills from his former occupations. Thiebaud is best known for the paintings that are associated with the production line of objects that can be found in diners and cafeterias, such as pies and pastries and others objects of common everyday life. The Neapolitan Pie that I found in the Norton Museum embodies the techniques that he often used in his paintings. This painting with its thick paint adding to the depth and character led me to want to learn about the artist behind it. Thiebaud chose to celebrate and embrace the delights of the common place and rendered his realistic paintings with a brilliant eye for abstraction. Thiebauds painting technique can be described as a cookbook chronicling those that have added sizzle, seasoning or even sprinkle to its prolific palette What he wanted to set out to do was to create a different visual species, which he described as being the ultimate accomplishment for all painters. Thiebaud says that art needs constant movement of different aspects of itself in order to stay alive. He also states that art draws inspiration from everything around it. He is not afraid of showing in his paintings aspects from other artists who inspired him, My world is one crime I steal from every artist aroun d the world. This may be why Thiebaud completely followed artists that were before him and also artists who were painting in his time period. Wayne Thiebaud had many artists in Abstract Expressionism and artists from Pop Art that he gathered techniques from. There were artistic time periods that he borrowed aspects from and combined with others to produce his own characteristic style. In this paper I will describe all these aspects and how their combination gave rise to the famous work we know Wayne Thiebaud for today. Thiebaud was a realist painter and painted at a time between Abstract Expressionism movement and the Pop Art era. His growth as an artist started from when he was a young child and as a teenager made poster designs and on stage sets for theatre. Thiebaud worked at Universal Studios and also as an illustrator for the advertising department in New York. He later earned a degree from California State College in Sacramento and this was where he learned and became fond of the fine arts. After this he began to study art history books intensively and the paintings in them, including the transitions in the works from period to period. Thiebaud, while working, became friends with and interested in the works of art from Willem De Kooning and Franz Kline who were abstract expressionist painters. This was a American post World War II art movement. the predecessor of this art movement is surrealism, which features elements of surprise and unexpected juxtapositions. Willem De Kooning also was invo lved with action painting, whose characteristics are spontaneous, splashed, or smeared onto a canvas. Kooning states, People are always trying to break the backs of paintings by expecting things which paintings cannot doits just a painting. A God damned painting. Just a little thing you smear stuff on. You just hope in the smearing that you havent insulted people that youre asking to look at it. This statement was a great influence in shaping the thoughts of Thiebaud. He saw this as a quintessential idea for producing works of art By the early 1960s the paintings he had produced now began to gain tension, balance, and grace. He placed the forms first and objects were pushed forward and put in a relevant order. He had been making statements like this with his Neapolitan Pie for years before others but was packed together with other artists in the Pop Art period when the movement surfaced. Pop Art was a tradition that challenged the artwork at that time and wanted to show that anything the artist used, which was of mass-production of popular culture could can be connected with fine art. It was widely seen as a reaction and expansion of the dominant ideas of abstract realism, which was a spontaneous or subconscious creation. Pop Art does not refer directly to the art that they made, but the ideas that moved the whole movement itself. During this time, Thiebaud also saw works of art from the earliest pop artists Robert Rauschenberg and Jasper Johns whose paintings were based on Abstract Expressionism to Pop Art. W hat Thiebaud did was abandoned most of the ideas that Pop Art committed itself to and react against it, which is surprising since he was seen as a vital part to this period. The work that Thiebaud produced is described as nostalgic views of popular culture and the American scene with which viewers of all kinds can easily identify. Most paintings in the Pop Art period were more intimidating for those viewing the work in museums and sometimes were too harsh to appreciate. What Thiebaud said was I am not a card carrying Pop artist I dont like much of it. Pop to him was more of a business than an operation of honorable painting and he had too much respect for the original products that they played off of to be a part of Pop Art. So while this art period was taking off Thiebaud decided that he was going to move on and became a professor at U-C Davis. Another influence of Wayne Theibaud was of Abstract Expressionism, which was going on in the time he produced work, and can be seen in the thick brushstrokes and bold use of colour which was a constant theme in his works. Thiebaud began to paint images based on food that he would see displayed in windows, focusing not on what he was painting but more on the shape of the objects. What impacted his painting this way was his inclination for simple objects, borrowing aspects of layouts for ads that he did while working as a cartoonist and sign painter. His simplicity to his designs could be understood and recognized as a method that he took into his paintings. This would also be around the 1960s and Thiebaud wanted to show depictions of the everyday American life while showing a new approach to art, representational art. Artists such as Stuart Davis and his Odol Bottle and Gerald Murphy and his Safety Razor were visions of the coming pop culture era even before Thiebaud began to paint wo rk that would fit into it. As Thiebaud continued to work influences from other artists could be seen in his work like the paintings of Giorgio Morandi like his Still Life. Thiebaud long admired Giorgios work for their contemplative quiet, the palpable sense of protracted looking that they convey, and their delicate, varied effects achieved with seemingly minimal means. The influence of this was not just in how Thiebaud structured his work, but also by how he manipulated the light and the slow moving strokes to enhance the form of the object. This aspect of manipulating light also was something he used in his signs and works, making a shadow where there is none to draw the eye to areas that there would be none and giving the work depth. This aspect was also borrowed from the tromp loeil (fool the eye) painter John Peto, who painted the Letter Rack, who also was said to have an influence on Thiebaud. Due to this influence, Thiebaud would never have any space of where the object would leave the page it would be represented in its entirety showing the readers that it would not be real. He would arrange the object in his painting into a shallow space and used shadows, as previously stated, to suggest some form of depth without there actually being any depth; tromp loeil.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Neapolitan Pie and all the works Thiebaud has produced had notable influences from his background and artists whom he studied and who had an influence on what he produced. Thiebaud had a way of dragging his paint across his canvas in a smooth way that would enhance the luscious textures of oil and transform itself into the very object that he was trying to portray. This, by the artists, refers to object transference and roots can also be traced to Morandi, but also in artists such as Joaquin Sorolla. He painted objects that are common placed around any individual as those of Stuart Davis and Gerald Murphy. Thiebaud had a strong inclination in painting common objects much earlier than those of the Pop culture movement. When Thiebaud first began to paint these common objects though he found it humorous and channeled his cartoonist abilities with his row of pies: When I painted the first row of pies, I can remember sitting and laughing sort of a silly relief Now I have flipped out! The one thing that allowed me to do that was having been a cartoonist. I did one and thought, Thats really crazy, but no one is going to look at these things anyway, so what the heck. However with all of his pastry paintings he handled the paint in a way that makes his work very distinctive. His paintings bring forth a realism of complete visual delight. He made anew the representational subject matter with a bold palette and used his skillful display of brushwork acquired from the Abstract Expressionists he admired.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Wayne Thiebaud copied from the masters because he respected art so much that he wanted to learn from those greats that came before him. What he did was add his own style to it so as to expand on what he learned into a different category, so as to be seen in a new light. He delighted in the works of other art periods like Abstract Expressionism and Realism and saw it as an honour to study an be apart of the art movement. He rejected the ideas of the Pop Art movement that he was classified in because he respected the art work they ridiculed too much to make a mockery of it. He was said as feeling honoured that he was able to apply himself and that he became a force in the artistic movement that is still evolving today. His work will forever be a staple and used as a tool for artist that come behind him to study learn from and elaborate on.

Strength And Weaknesses Of Electronic Human Resource Commerce Essay

Strength And Weaknesses Of Electronic Human Resource Commerce Essay In our report discusses about strength and weaknesses of electronic Human Resource and discusses some future implications. E-HRs software can helps to bring a high degree of standardization platform for smooth working in an organization. It allows the control and efficiency as required by HR. An initial framework and the review analyzes by HR professionals within the organization, that brings in a management information system (MIS), based on new Internet technology. This system allows the employees to be more efficiently in their administration (in theory) through an impersonal system to bring into conformity with rules for payroll, attendance and punctuality. Hence, e-HR software that, interface with in salary decisions and others linked to Human Resource issue. The e-HR systems are core applications which would helps to reduce the over time of Human Resource Management. It has achieved data from an administrative function, which responsible from payroll to help in strategic decisi on making that can add value to an organization. Companies have now realized. The role e-HR has developed as grow of organization the primarily administrative becomes business partner. At same time e-HR provide the business possess such as stable, reliable which makes high recognition within the organization. INTRODUCTION Human Resource Information System (HRIS) basically is a human resource database system that allows you to keep track of all kind of Human Resource information within the organization and its human capital. HRIS may or may not be part of an ERP implementation. Not all companies can afford an ERP, thus some organization, especially those small organization, may own a effective HRIS system, but not ERP. Human Resource Information System without ERP may not be comprehensive enough. For some instances, human Resource system may only able to handles one or two basic functions, example such as benefits like administration or payroll, then we do not consider it as a comprehensive HRIS. (Bondarouk Ruel, 2009) Due to market development, the manager roles has changed in recent years, and partly also due to new technologies being used by the organization that they are working in. As a result, organization needs to examine their own organizational Human Resource role. (Alleyne et al, 2007) In today global markets, organizations and companies recognize that in order to compete, they need to reply on the quality and effectiveness of the employees within their organization to succeed. Human Resource managers today need a world class Human Resource management system to help them in daily strategic and operational decision. Over the last decades, with the fast advancement of the technologies in Intranet and Internet, Human Resource tools known as electronic Human Resource management (HRM) emerged. (Hooi, 2009) Recent Development in E HR or HRIS Back in the old 1990s client/ server systems are the most ideal configuration for most companies. But in recent years, companies are beginning the tasks of trying to migrate, their old legacy systems to more advance structure packages. And they are usually what we know today as Human Resource Information System (HRIS), which is part of the Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP). ERP are able to offer companies the advantage in term of functionality, storage capacity, performance and an opportunity to reengineer their HR processes. Due to the fast rapid growth in the development of technologies and changes in the fundamental of business, the Human Resource Department today cannot operate like the old days. It is not enough to have a group of people who only need to know all about the benefits plans, salary program, and career opportunity within the organization. The demand for skilled workers, especially knowledge workers, also helps to accelerate the need for HRIS to assist in strategic role of HR. (Stone et el, 2006) DEFINITION E HRM According to a group of Researcher from Singapore Ministry of Manpower, Human Capital Development Division, E-HRM are known as a usage of electronic media and allow the participation of employees with technology to helps to save cost or lower administration costs, and improve the communication of their employee with quicker access to work related information, and reduce the time needed in processing. (Hooi, 2009) Electronic Human Resource (EHR) it refers to conducting business transaction in human resource related using the Internet. (LengnickHall Moritz 2003) Usually refer usually to Employee Management System that is normally refers to browser based Human Resource web portal. Unlike HRIS, E-HR or Employee Management System can usually handles limited functions or benefits, such as payroll and leave application. The growth of E-HR was due to the rapid development of Internet technologies in the 1990s. With point and click ease of use, E- HR are usually very user friendly and easy to use. Widely used by companys especially small and medium enterprise, who cant afford a comprehensive Human Resource System such as HRIS. Human Resource Management (HRM) it refers to a form of support function that services its own internal customers, example employee. (Alleyne et al, 2007) Critical Analysis of Electronic Human Resources (e-HR) In recent years, with the advancement or growth of intranet and Internet, enable a series of new human resource (HR) technology to emerge, with the aim to assist human resources daily administrative functions. With these e-HRM functions, HR service is expected to improve by both the management and employees. (Hooi, 2009) As more and more Human Resource Departments moving toward Internet or Web-based Technology, we need to evaluate and make comparison between the Online Human Resource Management and Traditional Human Resource Management System. (Payne et al, 2009) Strength of E-HR The major functional roles of E-HR are to support Human Resource processes such as are recruiting, training and performance management. (Stone el, 2006) Modern HR system or e-HR, which we commonly know today, allows their employees to control, accessing and updating their very own personal profile information or records. Allowing managers to make decision using the information and data, which they can access, to make analyses and decision without the need to go through Human Resource department. (Panayotopoulo et al, 2007) E-HR can bring impact and benefits on every area of HRM. The six key HR process that benefit from the effects of technology are: (Panayotopoulo et al, 2007) Planning Recruitment Evaluation (Employee performance appraisal) Communication Rewarding (Reward Employee) Development and training (Career management) The growing trend in E-HR allows the development of tools such as Employee Self- Service (ESS) Employee Self Service or ESS gives the employee of the organization the ability to access, maintaining his or her own personal HR Information online. The employee self-service (ESS) has the capabilities to allow and enable the end user employees of the organization, to create, view, and modify data anytime and anywhere all by themselves, using multiple technologies. Managerial Self-Service (MSS) Enable the managers of the organization to access a variety of HR-related tools and HR-related information online. Most managers can complete HR-related tasks via MSS applications example like payroll, daily administration, work jury compensation, staff performance appraisal management system, hiring, and employee job related training and career development. Overall, the main strength that an Electronic Human Resource System allows: Helps employees to improve or maintain their job performance Set proper standards for Human Resources work process Give recognition to job related accomplishments Enhance Communication and working relationship between employee and departments Identify the performance of individual employee Outline the responsibility of employee and supervisory. (Payne et el, 2009) Developing human resources: With the help of Internet and intranet in development and training, Human Resource Professional with the assistance of E-HR or HRIS, are able to play a much more active roles in human resource development. The return that comes along, are immeasurable, in term cost and benefits. Web-based application or software, usually part of the E-HR or HRIS, is often used today for in house assessment, job training and career management. For the less paperwork and more benefit including getting more information on training, and assessment it provide e-mail and electronic forms of intranet or the restricted web site. Changes in the role of the HR function: The adoption of e-HR has help to support in the daily Human Resources functions. It helps to make daily Human Resource administrative tasks much easier and more productive. Apart from the daily administrative processes, E-HR or HRIS are able to assist modern day Human Resource professional in other daily Human Resources work processes or tasks such as communication with employees within the organization, and career planning. With the implementation of e-HR, organization will be expecting a great improvement of the daily human resource activities with the supported and assistance of the e-HR. As the result, e-HR not only supports the traditional Human Resource role but also the helps the organizations in the planning of its strategic objectives. However, on the real, Return on investment (ROI) or benefits for investing on the Electronic Human Resource, it still has a long way to go before, we can see any actual results and benefits of e-HR adoption, especially, in term of the Human Re sources development, the real benefits will be tangible The benefits as show in fig: Weaknesses of E HR Limited usefulness These usually apply to companies that are very small in scale and do not have a lot of headcount within their organization Security Concerns Since every transaction is going to goes online, there will be security concern like unauthorized access, and virus. Inconsistency with practices used. The application or the design of the software does not fit into organization structure. Practical problems Companies might not have the necessary right infrastructure to support the application. And sometimes it is much easier and economical to do the manual way if the company or organization got very low number of headcount. Social Interaction Due to the reason that all the transaction goes online, they decrease the chance of social interaction. (Stone El, 2006) The pitfalls of moving to E HR are it is not always easy. The HR technology that does the processes, and the capability of the employee going to work on the system. And organization should not pay too much attention on technology, but instead focus how to prepare the employee for it. And of course, how can it really fit into the business. (Pollitt 2006) Example of companies implementing E HR Philips E-HRM offers Philips a chance to make their HR specialists to concentrate on the strategic aspect of their daily jobs. Senior Human Resource strengthen their claim for implementing E-HR, by declaring that their people are their most important asset. The employee at Philip also responds positively to e-HRM, which is easy to use and backed up by good IT support. (Phillips, 2008) KPN The new Human Resource system helps the organization to monitor various Human Resource program such as absence management, as well as training and development. The new system allows the manager to review the skills and competencies of their employee. (Pollitt 2006) Overview Nowadays, organization leverage on the capability of existing technology to run HR operations more efficiently. For more efficiently work we need to combined together in one hand for this gather the information and communication technology. The rapid fast development in the technology of the electronic HR systems, allows the modern Human Resources professional to work in a far more efficient and strategic roles. Is e-hr becoming more strategic? Most of us, I believe will be convinced that using E-HR will significantly help the company to improve the delivery of the HR services to the organization. Higher efficiencies, and higher customer satisfaction, no doubt will help to lower costs, due to redesigned processes and eliminate manual work process. Definitely e-hr has the potential to be able contribute towards HR becoming more strategic. But for E-HR to be able to play a more strategic role, there must be a strong business case. Emerging strategic e-HRM research tend to fit and focus on business strategy. (Marler, 2009) A business case can be mystifying. For the case of web-based or E-HR business can be used to address all types of questions, for example: Do we really need a Web-Based solution? Do we need to implement employee or manager self services? Can we use our existing intranet for HR transaction? Are we going to use the existing legacy human resource system as the underlying database for web solution, or an Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) System? Can we plan and implement a shared services group as part of the Web initiative? Should we go for one-vendor HR portal strategy, or should we go with a best-of-breed approach? A business case must always, built around objectives like type of business, financial, functional, operational, or some combination. Meaning we need to provide the business management with cost benefit and return on investment data in hard economic terms. How can E-HR help the organization in strategic role? To business, the core objective is to make more money. The concern and questions ask by management is how E-HR can help the business to reduce expenses or increase in their revenue strategically? (Marler, 2009) Questions on the mind of the management like, what can we gain from: Productivity savings Improve quality and reduced rework Sourcing Saving Make services more cheaply and higher quality Information System Saving Reduce the maintenance of existing systems Other Saving. Save the cost of material like paper, computer printout. But the most important aspect and core functions of E-HR strategic benefits can bring to an organization are: Recruitment What talent do we need? Sourcing and attracting Who is the right talent? Where is the right talent? How to attract the talent to joins us. Assessment and evaluation Identify, evaluate and select the right people we want. Hire What is the right offer that we can offer attracts the candidate to join the organization? Deployment Move people into the right position in the organization that can utilize their talent. Retention- how can we keep the talent invested, and engaged in the organization? In todays globalization competition, the strong demand for skilled workers, especially knowledge workers, also helps to accelerate the need for HRIS to assist in strategic role of HR. (Stone et al 2006) Conclusion The HR plays a very important role in any Origination, as well as HR builds a bridge between top management and employers. Nowadays there is a big competitive market for any organization. So they want to expand their organization up to certain level to meet their requirements. Once the organization grows the workload for HR will increase and they will be unable to manage all the work manually. So for avoiding this kind of situation in the organization they need an integrated system in their company. That time e-HR comes in the picture, which suits their needs, Such as Employee Self- Service (ESS) Managerial Self-Service (MSS) Management Information system (MIS) Developing human resources Changes in the role of the HR function The future of E-HR will become more sophisticated, and more individualized tools for both managers and employees. Improved decision making tools will benefit both the organizations and employee. (LengnickHall Moritz 2003) After implementation e-HR in any organization, company can easily save there cost. Because e-HR use enterprise and Internet, efficiently connect people such a way if gives all information they need. It also manages relationship, streamlines processes and improves the se of information to make strategic and operational decisions. E-HR or HRIS is all about connecting people customers, suppliers, employees with information. Its about making organizations more efficient and more profitable Word Count: 2550